LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, octubre, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 4 p 548.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v4i4.1239
Analysis of tourist safety in Eugenio Espejo town, in
Imbabura province
Análisis de la seguridad turística en la parroquia Eugenio Espejo,
Imbabura
Lorena Elizabeth Casanova Imbaquingo
lcasanova@institutocotacachi.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4423-4274
Afiliación institucional Instituto Superior Tecnológico Universitario Cotacachi
Cotacachi – Ecuador
Bryan David Guevara Cuyago
bryanguevara.c2000@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4496-9698
Investigador independiente
Cotacachi – Ecuador
Ricardo Santiago Hernández Domínguez
shernandez@institutocotacachi.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2498-6695
Afiliación institucional Instituto Superior Tecnológico Universitario Cotacachi
Cotacachi – Ecuador
Artículo recibido: 29 de julio de 2023. Aceptado para publicación: 13 de agosto de 2023.
Conflictos de Interés: Ninguno que declarar.
Abstract
Ecuador is considered one of the most touristic countries in Latin America due to its diversity of
natural and cultural attractions. The government invests in adequate security measures to protect
visitors and generate confidence and a positive reputation. Tourism security generates a good
experience and enjoyment for tourists during their visit. The objective of this study is to analyze
tourist safety in order to improve the perception of the services provided in the Eugenio Espejo in
Otavalo town. The research is quantitive and cualitative, with a descriptive scope. The following
techniques were used for data collection: observation at that place; multi-criteria evaluation with
tourism safety indicators; key informant interviews; and surveys to determine tourists' perception
of safety. The results contribute to directing the improvement of security and providing greater
protection to tourism stakeholders and visitors to that town.
Keywords: tourism security, tourism security indicators, tourism security perception
Resumen
Ecuador es considerado uno de los países más turísticos de Latinoamérica por la diversidad de
atractivos naturales y culturales que posee. El gobierno invierte en medidas de seguridad
adecuadas para proteger a los visitantes y generar confianza y reputación positiva. La seguridad
turística genera una buena experiencia y gozo del turista durante su visita. El presente estudio
tiene como objetivo analizar la seguridad turística para mejorar la percepción de los servicios
que se brinda en la parroquia Eugenio Espejo del cantón Otavalo. La pesquisa es mixta, con
alcance descriptivo. Para la recolección de datos se utilizan las técnicas: observación de campo;
LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, octubre, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 4 p 549.
evaluación multicriterio con indicadores de seguridad turística; entrevistas a informantes clave,
y encuestas para determinar la percepción de los turistas sobre la seguridad. Los resultados
contribuyen a direccionar el mejoramiento de la seguridad y brindar mayor protección a los
actores turísticos y visitantes de la parroquia.
Palabras clave: seguridad turística, indicadores de seguridad turística, percepción de
seguridad turística
Todo el contenido de LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades,
publicados en este sitio está disponibles bajo Licencia Creative Commons .
Como citar: Casanova Imbaquingo, L. E., Guevara Cuyago, B. D. & Hernández Domínguez, R. S.
(2023). Analysis of tourist safety in Eugenio Espejo town, in Imbabura province. LATAM Revista
Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 4(4), 548– 560.
https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v4i4.1239
LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, octubre, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 4 p 550.
INTRODUCTION
Tourism is the movement of individuals or groups outside their environment of residence for
entertainment, recreation, culture and health purposes; it has become a social, economic and cultural
phenomenon (Velasco et al., 2019). Several countries in the world can see the tourism as a key factor.
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) states that 1 out of every 11 jobs in the world is created by
tourism, considering this activity as a priority in the global context and as the future of green economies
(Pereyra, et al., 2021).
A main element in the development of tourism is safety, which is understood as a subjective condition
that allows perceiving free movement in spaces where there are real or potential risks that generate
conflicts, struggles for values and rights that affect the sustainability of tourist destinations or products
(Vargas, et al., 2021). When someone talks about tourism safety, is about take care the protection,
safety and life of visitors (Montalván and Villacreses, 2018).
González and Acevedo (2021) argue that any event that could threaten the normal operation of the
industry's business would cause a recession in the local travel with tourism economy and disrupt
business continuity, reducing the number of tourists and they are spending. This confirms that a large
part of the population does not recommend visiting a destination if it is considered unsafe despite
having much to offer (Avila and Lara, 2022).
Guevara (2023) mentions that with security it is possible to measure the real risks that a destination
may have in order to find options to help mitigate them. Knowing about security is important because
it encompasses a range of ideas and actions aimed at preventing violence, promoting citizen security
and improving access to justice (Salas et al., 2022).
Tourism safety can be evaluated through indicators and variables for protecting tourists during their
visit to a tourist destination. In Ecuador, the evaluation aspects are found in the Comprehensive
Tourism Safety Plan (PIAT, 2016). The plan has six indicators: citizen safety, road safety, economic
security, health with hygiene, environmental and natural phenomena protection, human rights and
social inclusion. Grünewald (2012) points out eight basic variables that demand takes into
consideration during their stay in the place; these are: public safety; social safety; medical safety;
information, facilitation safety; recreational events safety; road and transportation safety;
environmental safety; and finally, the safety of tourist services.
Diagnosing compliance with tourism safety indicators in a destination allows the development of
strategies to improve the tourism experience, as stated by Taris (2020) in his study entitled Gestión y
Seguridad Turística en la Ciudad de Riobamba en Ecuador (Tourism Management and Safety in the City
of Riobamba in Ecuador). Another similar study is that of Guamá (2022) who uses indicators to check
ou and make a proposal aimed at improving tourism safety in the San Pablo de Lago city.
In the of Eugenio Espejo town , located in the province of Imbabura, Ecuador, in recent years the levels
of insecurity have increased at various points affecting tourist visits. Guevara (2023) affirms that
tourism visitors do not have information on tourism security indicators that the state moves, so actions
to manage this situation are poor.
The objective of this research is to elaborate an analysis of tourism safety in the Eugenio Espejo town.
With the results, a proposal is made with security strategies focused on the protection of tourist actors,
which will allow to recover and increase the number of tourist visits for improving the living conditions
of the local population.
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ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, octubre, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 4 p 551.
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in the Eugenio Espejo town that is located of the urban area of the Otavalo
city in Ecuador. The research presents cualitative and quantitive approach with a descriptive and cross-
sectional scope. The research is developed in two consecutive stages, namely: 1) Diagnosis of tourism
safety indicators ) Visitor's perception of safety.
Stage 1.- Diagnosis of tourism safety indicators, carried out through field research. It uses the
techniques of direct observation and personal interview. An observation sheet is prepared containing
the tourism safety indicators set out in the Comprehensive Tourism Assistance Plan - PIAT (2016) of
Ecuador, to which a weighting is assigned to determine the level of safety at the destination, as shown
in Table 1.
Table 1
Tourism safety indicators
Tourism safety
indicators
Description Variables Score
Public safety It relates to crime prevention and the
protection of tourists against any form
of violence or crime.
1. Community alarm
2.Community Policing
Unit
3.Video surveillance
camera
4.Frequent patrolling
5.Visitor assistance
and protection center
6.Political Leader
18
points
Health & Hygiene It involves the availability of medical
services, the existence of sanitary
standards in tourist establishments,
food safety and access to drinking
water.
1. Health Center
2.Drinking water
3.Sewage
4. Pharmacy
5.Doctor's offices
6.Restaurant
operating licenses
18
points
Financial security Refers to the protection of tourists in
financial terms. It implies the
existence of measures to prevent
fraud, scams and theft, as well as fair
prices for tourist goods and services.
1. Banking services
2.Prices of regulated
tourism services
3.Fixed collection
point for boat rides.
4.Red zone prevention
signage
5.Money exchange
offices
15
points
Road safety It is about to road conditions, signage,
infrastructure, and traffic regulations
in a tourist destination.
1. Walkways in good
condition.
2. Vehicular roads in
good condition
3. Vertical signage
4.Horizontal signage
5.Lighting in the town
center
6.Accessibility to
attractions
7.Safe parking areas
8.Mechanics
24
points
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ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, octubre, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 4 p 552.
Environmental and
natural hazard
protection
It involves the conservation of natural
resources, protection of ecosystems,
and natural disaster preparedness and
response.
1. Environmental care
signage
2.Tourist attractions
with frequent
maintenance of
facilities.
3. Areas safe from
natural disasters
4.Signage at tourist
attractions in the
event of natural
disasters.
5.Signage in
restaurants and
hotels in the event of
natural disasters
15
points
Human rights and
social inclusion
Visitors should be treated fairly and
equitably, without discrimination of
any kind, with access to tourist
facilities and services.
1. Protection from
violation of rights
2.Accessibility for
people with
disabilities
3.Shelters
10
points
Total 100
Note: Prepared by the authors based on PIAT (2016).
To determine the percentage of compliance achieved in each indicator in relation to the standard
weighting, the following equation is applied:
% ���� ����������������������
������������ ���� ������������ ���� ��ℎ�� �������������� ������������ ������������������
���������������� ���������� ���� ��ℎ�� ������������������
∗ 100
Three levels of security are established for each indicator: high, medium and low, as shown in the table.
Table 2
Level of security
Level of security Percentage of compliance with the indicator
High 65-100
Medium 35-65
Low < 35
Note: Prepared by the authors based on Reyes y Sánchez Crispín (2015)
The analysis of the results is carried out from highest to lowest percentage corroborating the informant
interviews and secondary research.
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ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, octubre, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 4 p 553.
Stage 2.- Visitor's perception of security in the town, carried out through the application of surveys. The
questionnaire is divided in two sections. In the first section, sociodemographic information of visitors
is requested and in the second section, eight questions related to the six tourism safety indicators of
the PIAT are asked. The questions are focused on what tourists expect during their visit and how they
perceive their protection.
The total population was taken as visitors to Condor´s Park, the most popular tourist attraction in the
town, where 28,251 tourists arrived in 2022. A cluster sampling is applied, with a margin of sampling
error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. From the sample application, a sample of 379 surveys was
obtained.
Formula to determine the sample
�� =
��2. ��. ��. ��
����2 + ��2 ��. ��.
Note: Puentes (2023)
Z= Confidence level
N= Population-Census
p= Probability in favor
q= Probability against
e= Estimation error
n=Sample size
Table 3
Variable formula
N Sample 379
N Total, population 28.251
d2 Population Variability 0,25
E Margin of Error 0,05 5%
Z Confidence level of the data 1,96 95%
The questions are entered into the Google Forms tool and the results are interpreted using descriptive
statistics and SPSS version 21. The questions are taken from previous studies related to tourism safety
such as Taris (2020) and Guamá (2022).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Stage 1 – Diagnosis of tourism safety indicators
The diagnosis of tourism safety indicators in the Eugenio Espejo town generated the following results:
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ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, octubre, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 4 p 554.
Table 4
Diagnostic results of tourism safety indicators
Tourism safety indicator Score achieved Percentage Security level
Public safety 11 61,11% Medium
Health and Higiene 9 50% Medium
Human rights and social inclution 5 50% Medium
Finantial security 6 40% Medium
Environmental and natural hazard protection 5 33,33% Low
Road safety 7 29,16% Low
Note: Elaboration by the authors (2023)
That town does not have a Community Police Unit (UPC) in charge of crime prevention programs, as
well as a center for the integration of neighborhoods and communities around security. The absence
of police has facilitated the organization of criminal groups. Pedro Males, political leader of the town
(Personal interview, January 20, 2023) mentions that insecurity is not caused by foreigners, but rather
by residents who commit crimes.
Korstanje (2016) says that the local police are in charge of defining security programs or procedures
and ensuring their effectiveness. In the case of this place under study, in the absence of a UPC, the
residents choose for the community police or indigenous guide. Claudia Castañeda, secretary of the
town GAD (Personal interview, January 20, 2023) affirms that the community members are constantly
working to recover places affected by crime and have created vigilance brigades to prevent criminal
acts.
There is no health center in the study area that carries out health promotion and prevention. Moreno
(2020) suggests that tourist participants should take steps to implement a health center in order to be
prepared for health emergencies. With respect to the sale of medicine, there is only a small pharmacy
located in the town center. On the other hand, Claudia Castañeda (Personal interview, January 20, 2023)
notes that the government is working to provide basic services to all residents to prevent illnesses in
the community also with visitors.
In the territory, the people in charge of ensuring human rights and social inclusion in coordination with
the National Police is the Political leader Office, a government agency where citizen complaints and
denunciations are received. Pedro Males, political leader of the town (Interview, January 20, 2023)
mentions that as a representative of the government in the territory, his function is to protect residents
and visitors.
In relation to economic security, it should be noted that there are no offices of financial institutions; if
the visitor requires banking procedures and withdrawal of money they should go to the nearest cities
such as Otavalo or Cayambe. In some neighborhood stores there are Mi vecino, a service offered by
Banco del Pichincha for withdrawing and depositing money. Even thougth , it is difficult to stock up on
cash, because the money transfers in the neighborhood stores are extremely low. On the other hand,
tourism service providers do not accept credit cards. These factors encourage tourists to carry cash
when visiting the destination, increasing their vulnerability to assaults, robberies and swindles. Alberto
Velásquez, president of the three associations of vendors at the Pucará dock (Personal interview,
January 20, 2023) says that in some cases it is evident that there are different charges for national and
foreign tourists despite several attempts to regulate prices.
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The population is organized to clean natural areas with the cooperation of the Empresa Muncipal de
Agua Potable de Otavalo (EMAPAO) on an occasional times, so it is common to see deteriorated
environments. At the San Pablo lagoon dock, the community association only cleans its work area. This
means that there is poor control of solid waste management and sewage disposal around the lagoon,
which could have a negative impact on the water body (Antesano et al., 2023).
There are no natural disaster prevention signs in the establishments that provide tourism services,
perhaps because they are not legally registered with the competent agency. The only establishment
with signage is Parque Cóndor. Boehmwald (2018) argues that environmental risks are potential factors
that can cause catastrophes that cannot be controlled, so timely prevention against this type of event
can help.
Road safety is the lowest scoring indicator because of several irregularities: The main streets of the
town are in fair condition and need immediate intervention; the roads that connect the town center with
the tourist attractions are also deteriorated; the public lighting system does not work regularly; and the
road signs needs maintenance. Soto, et al. (2021) assert that local governments have scarce resources
for road maintenance; as a result, there is a regular road system with monotonous and insufficient
maintenance. This fact has negative effects on tourism, since roads are an indicator for the selection
of a tourist destination.
Stage 2 – Visitor's perception of safety at the town
Table 5 presents the results obtained from the application of the survey to tourists visiting the town
under study.
Table 5
Sociodemographic characteristics
Note: Elaboration by the authors (2023)
Variable Category Porcentaje
Gender Female 54,88%
Male 45,12%
Age 18-30 years old 21,37%
31-45 years old 33,51%
46-60 years old 30,61%
Over 61 years old 14,51%
Level of education Primary 11,08%
Bachelor's Degree 28,23%
Superior 41,69%
postgraduate degree 19,00%
Place of origin Foreign 16,09%
National 83,91%
If you are a national, choose your region of origin Pacífic coast 8,49%
Andes 86,48%
Amazonía 5,03%
Galápagos 0%
If you are a foreigner, choose the continent you are from north america 52,46%
South america 36,07%
Asia 3,28%
Europe 8,20%
Africa 0%
Oceania 0%
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Tourists visiting the Eugenio Espejo town are mostly women (54.88%); the male gender occupies
45.12%, so the gap is not very wide. The predominant age range is between 31-45 years old (33.51%).
The highest percentage of academic education is higher education (41.69%). 83.91% of visitors are
nationals from the Andean region, with the province of Pichincha being the most popular. The influx of
foreigners is low, with tourists from the United States and South America. Ruth Herrera (Personal
interview, June 17, 2023) affirms that the presence of these visitors favors the destination's tourism
development.
Table 6
Tourist perception of tourism security
Questions Options Percentage
1. Did you feel safe when visiting the different attractions in the
town?
Not likely 6,33%
Unlikely 12,14%
Likely 38,52%
Very likely 43,01%
2. Do you think it is necessary to stay by a national police officer
during your visit?
Not likely at all 39,84%
Unlikely 31,40%
Likely 21,37%
Very likely 7,39%
3. When you visited a food sales place, did you perceive the
safety of the products? Safety is understood as the guarantee
that a food will not cause harm to the consumer.
Not likely 9,50%
Unlikely 11,08%
Likely 57,78%
Very likely 21,64%
4. In your opinion, was the quality-price ratio of the services and
tourist attractions of the town adequate?
Not likely at all 7,65%
Unlikely 20,58%
Likely 31,66%
Very likely 40,11%
5. Do you consider that the condition of the roads and traffic
signs are adequate to reach the tourist attractions?
Not likely at all 82,32%
Unlikely 8,97%
Likely 5,28%
Very likely 3,43%
6. In the sites you have visited, have you observed signs for the
prevention of natural risks such as earthquakes, landslides,
among others?
Not likely at all 58,31%
Unlikely 26,12%
Likely 9,23%
Very likely 6,33%
7. Do you think it is important to maintain the natural spaces of
the parish instead of constructing luxurious buildings that alter
their condition?
Not likely 0,79%
Unlikely 2,11%
Likely 10,82%
Very likely 86,28%
8. Do you consider that tourist attractions promote the
inclusion of all people without any type of discrimination?
Not likely at all 7,12%
Unlikely 9,50%
Likely 27,70%
Very likely 55,67%
Note: Elaboration by the authors (2023)
81.53% of tourists visiting that place feel safe, so they do not consider it necessary to be with a police
officer during their stay. These data are favorable since the perception of safety in the destination is an
indicator for trip selection. However, the remaining 7.39% feel insecure due to criminal acts that are
increasing daily at the country level.
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Visitors state that the food vending places are clean and adequate (79.42%). This is in spite of the fact
that most of them do not have an operating license issued by the control agencies. This condition is
frequent in this type of establishments since they are family businesses and do not have the economic
resources to register. On the other hand, although the percentage of tourists (9.50%) who state that
there is no food safety is low, it is necessary to motivate the owners to operate in a formal manner to
ensure food safety for tourists.
In terms of value for money, it is observed that most of the group (71.77%) is satisfied with the
cancellation of the rates charged by the tourist service providers. Despite the scarcity of over-the-
counter ticket sales to use a tourist service, tourists have no objection to canceling directly, although
there are those who express dissatisfaction, perhaps because they feel that there are different charges
for domestic and foreign tourists.
The town access roads and signage are in fair condition. 91.29% of the visitors state that the condition
of the roads causes damage to vehicles and increases the risk of traffic accidents. It also lengthens
the travel time to the attractions and causes inconveniences.
84.43% of visitors believe that in the event of natural hazards, they would not have the necessary
guidance on the procedure to follow to protect their lives because there are few prevention signs for
this type of event.
In the places visited, 83.37% of the visitors affirm that they did not observe any type of discrimination
on the part of the tourism service providers; rather, they felt included and appreciated and had a good
experience during their tour of the town. This positive data reflects that the locals have an inclusive
ideology, demonstrating their values towards visitors. The result is favorable for the development of
tourism activity in the destination, since the good acceptance by the visitor can be a condition for
recommending others to visit the destination.
DISCUSSION
Tourism safety is an essential multidimensional dimension for the management of tourism sites and
is even a reason for the decision to choose a destination (Navarro et al., 2022). Safety is a transversal
axis throughout the tourist experience (Gálvez, et al., 2020). Most visitors look for places where they
can feel safe and where the risks they will face during their stay have been minimized, increasing the
possibility of having a good memory of the site visited (Navarro et al., 2022).
Jiménez and Pérez (2018) state that the main types of risks that tourists run in a destination are:
possibility of suffering an accident; being a victim of a crime; suffering a terrorist attack; disapproval
by the destination's family; suffering a scam; getting sick; having a disappointing experience with the
trip; and finally, that of natural disasters. Therefore, the search for tourism as risk-free as possible is a
growing need for tourists and service providers who wish to carry out their activities in a safe
environment (Gálvez. E., et al, 2020).
Mora, et al. (2020) argue that a security plan should be implemented to support tourism activity and
allow its continuous growth. There should be a protocol with guidelines and preventive measures for
any eventuality that may arise and thus generate a safe image of the destination for tourists.
Emphasizing that security actions should be carried out in a controlled manner so that tourists'
freedoms are not violated (Peter, 2016).
On the other hand, the method used to diagnose the indicators of tourism safety includes the number
of criteria analyzed (citizen safety, health and hygiene, human rights and social inclusion, economic
security, environmental protection and protection against natural phenomena, and road safety). The
evaluation showed that the indicators of citizen safety and health and hygiene exceed 50% of the
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standard weighting, while road safety is the lowest scored due to the deterioration of the parish's road
system. Grünewald (2012) affirms that it is convenient to evaluate the tourist safety of a territory
through the analysis of indicators that allow evidence of the conditions of the territory and the possible
risks for the tourist. Both methodologies are valid since they evaluate indicators and criteria to which
standard weights are assigned.
CONCLUSION
The diagnosis based on the six indicators of tourism safety in that town of Eugenio Espejo showed a
large deficit in two of them: road safety and environmental protection and natural disasters. Although
the other indicators did not show such negative results, they can affect tourist visits. The absence of a
tourism safety plan has meant that there is no guidance for tourism service providers on the
requirements needed to protect visitors during their stay.
Most tourists visiting Eugenio Espejo place, consider the conditions of the tourism safety indicators to
be acceptable, with the exception of road safety, where rejection was evident due to the poor condition
of the roads both in the town center and on the roads leading to the tourist attractions. There are
opportunities for improvement in all indicators as long as it is done in an organized manner and with
the participation of all tourism stakeholders.
The government in that town should develop a tourism security plan based on this analysis. It is
important that tourism stakeholders know and participate in the development, implementation and
monitoring of security actions in order to forge an increasingly safe destination. Likewise, the security
actions and guidelines should be disseminated to the entire population of the town.
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