LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, agosto, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 2 p 4853.

DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.56712/latam.v4i2.942

Balancing Ethics and Efficiency in Civil Engineering:
Navigating Construction Challenges

Equilibrar la ética y la eficiencia en la ingeniería civil: navegar por los
desafíos de la construcción

Diego Sornoza Parrales

diego.sornoza@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9319-9298

Facultad de Ciencias Técnicas - Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí (UNESUM)
Jipijapa – Ecuador

Justin Magdalena Eguez Morales

jmagdalenae@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6629-5157

Instituto de Posgrado - Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí
Jipijapa – Ecuador

Mercedes Marcela Pincay Pilay

marcela.pincay@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9730-5481

Facultad de Ciencias Técnicas - Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí (UNESUM)
Jipijapa – Ecuador

Miguel Terán García

miguel.teran@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0208-4020

Facultad de Ciencias Técnicas - Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí (UNESUM)
Jipijapa – Ecuador

Artículo recibido: 20 de julio de 2023. Aceptado para publicación: 07 de agosto de 2023.

Conflictos de Interés: Ninguno que declarar.

Abstract
The construction industry plays a vital role in society's development and sustainability. As such,
civil engineers face the ethical challenge of balancing priorities around efficiency and broader
social responsibilities. This paper reviews academic literature to identify key ethical dilemmas
faced by civil engineers and strategies to address them. Ethical challenges include adapting to
climate change, considering societal needs, upholding professional conduct, and keeping pace
with technological advancements. Adhering to professional codes of ethics helps guide civil
engineers to prioritize public wellbeing over stakeholder interests. Strategies to balance ethics
and efficiency include prioritizing sustainability principles, consumer behavior alignment,
embracing information technology, integrating ethical education in the civil engineering
curriculum, and an efficient resource management. Ultimately, civil engineers should strive to
make ethical choices that positively contribute to society and the environment. The paper
emphasizes that ethics leads to greater long-term efficiency and sustainability. Further research
could investigate impacts of emerging technologies and benefits of prioritizing ethics in different
cultural contexts.

Keywords: ethical education, professional ethics, construction

LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, agosto, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 2 p 4854.

Resumen
La industria de la construcción juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo y la sostenibilidad de
la sociedad. Como tales, los ingenieros civiles enfrentan el desafío ético de equilibrar las
prioridades en torno a la eficiencia y las responsabilidades sociales más amplias. Este artículo
revisa la literatura académica para identificar los dilemas éticos clave que enfrentan los
ingenieros civiles y las estrategias para abordarlos. Los desafíos éticos incluyen la adaptación al
cambio climático, la consideración de las necesidades de la sociedad, el mantenimiento de la
conducta profesional y el mantenimiento del ritmo de los avances tecnológicos. Cumplir con los
códigos de ética profesional ayuda a guiar a los ingenieros civiles a priorizar el bienestar público
sobre los intereses de las partes interesadas. Las estrategias para equilibrar la ética y la
eficiencia incluyen priorizar los principios de sostenibilidad, la alineación del comportamiento del
consumidor, adoptar la tecnología de la información, integrar la educación ética en el plan de
estudios de ingeniería civil y una gestión eficiente de los recursos. En última instancia, los
ingenieros civiles deben esforzarse por tomar decisiones éticas que contribuyan positivamente
a la sociedad y el medio ambiente. El documento enfatiza que la ética conduce a una mayor
eficiencia y sostenibilidad a largo plazo. La investigación adicional podría investigar los impactos
de las tecnologías emergentes y los beneficios de priorizar la ética en diferentes contextos
culturales.

Palabras clave: educación ética, ética profesional, construcción

Todo el contenido de LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades,
publicados en este sitio está disponibles bajo Licencia Creative Commons .

Como citar: Sornoza Parrales, D., Equez Morales, J. M., Pincay Pilay, M. M., & Terán García, M.
(2023). Balancing Ethics and Efficiency in Civil Engineering: Navigating Construction
Challenges. LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 4(2), 4853–
4863. https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v4i2.942

LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, agosto, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 2 p 4855.

INTRODUCTION

The construction industry plays a crucial role in addressing sustainability challenges, particularly
in light of the United Nations' establishment of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
(Montalbán-Domingo et al., 2022). Civil engineering plays a vital role in the planning, design, and
construction of infrastructure projects that are crucial for society's development and well-being.
It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including transportation engineering, structural
engineering, environmental engineering and geotechnical engineering. Civil engineers are
responsible for creating and maintaining essential infrastructure such as buildings, bridges,
roads, water supply systems, and wastewater treatment facilities.

Professionals in civil engineering balance ethical considerations and efficiency by incorporating
ethical codes of professional conduct into their practices (Pan et al., 2022). Ethical codes of
conduct for civil and structural engineers are essential in ensuring that their actions are guided
by ethical principles and not influenced by the interests of stakeholders. These codes provide a
set of rules and standards that engineers must adhere to in their professional practice (Quapp &
Holschemacher, 2016). They outline the professional obligations and responsibilities of civil
engineers, ensuring that they prioritize the well-being of society and the environment (Chance et
al., 2021).

The importance of ethical codes of conduct becomes particularly evident in situations where
engineers encounter ethical issues or conflicting guidance. Rapid technological advancements
can create new ethical concerns that may not be explicitly addressed in existing codes of ethics
(Hess et al., 2019). In such cases, engineers must rely on their public service motivations
(Sornoza et al., 2020), ethical reasoning and judgment to navigate these gray areas and make
ethically sound decisions. The incorporation of ethical codes of conduct helps engineers strike a
balance between technical feasibility and moral acceptability (Pan et al., 2022).

Ethical codes of conduct for civil engineers have been developed and implemented by
professional associations and organizations worldwide (Quapp & Holschemacher, 2016). These
codes serve as a behavioral norm that defines the professional obligations and responsibilities
of civil engineers. They provide a standardized framework for professional conduct and ensure
that engineers uphold the highest ethical standards in their work, and they recognize the
importance of considering environmental sustainability and minimizing resource use in civil
engineering projects (Osofero et al., 2014). Adhering to these codes is crucial for maintaining the
trust and confidence of the public in the engineering profession (Gwynne-Evans, 2021).

As the field of civil engineering evolves, professionals need to expand their knowledge beyond
technical instructions and incorporate policy-making, ethical issues, and societal values into their
practices(Chong et al., 2022). Civil engineers must stay updated on the latest advancements in
the field and understand the ethical implications of their work. This includes considering the
global responsibility of their decisions and actions and making ethical choices that contribute to
the betterment of society and the environment (Chance et al., 2021).

As the demands for faster and more cost-effective construction increase, professionals in this
field face the challenge of balancing ethical considerations and efficiency. This paper delves into
the fundamental question of how to strike a balance between ethics and efficiency in civil
engineering projects.

The objectives of this paper are to: Identify the ethical challenges that civil engineers face, discuss
the importance of balancing ethics and efficiency in civil engineering, and propose some
strategies for how civil engineers can strike this balance.

LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, agosto, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 2 p 4856.

METHODOLOGY

This study employed a literature review approach to explore the topic of balancing ethics and
efficiency in civil engineering and navigating construction challenges. The methodology involved
the selection and analysis of relevant academic papers based on predetermined eligibility criteria.
The following sections outline the criteria for paper selection and the process of reducing the
number of papers.

To ensure the inclusion of high-quality and peer-reviewed research, the following eligibility criteria
were established:

Indexed on Peer-Reviewed Journals or Conference Proceedings: Papers had to be published in
peer-reviewed journals or conference proceedings to ensure rigorous evaluation and quality
control.

Found on Google Scholar: The search was conducted on Google Scholar, a widely recognized and
comprehensive academic database, to obtain a comprehensive set of relevant papers.

A systematic search strategy was implemented to identify relevant papers. Initially, a
comprehensive set of keywords was developed, including terms such as "ethics," "efficiency,"
"civil engineering," "construction challenges," and related variations. These keywords were
combined using Boolean operators (e.g., AND, OR) to create search queries.

The selected papers were subjected to a qualitative analysis. Key themes, concepts, and findings
related to the balancing of ethics and efficiency in civil engineering were identified and
synthesized. The analysis aimed to extract insights, trends, and perspectives from the literature
and form the basis for the discussion and conclusions of the paper.

It is important to acknowledge some limitations of this methodology. Firstly, the search was
limited to open-access papers, which may have excluded relevant studies behind paywalls.
Secondly, while Google Scholar is a comprehensive database, some relevant papers may have
been missed. Additionally, the inclusion of only peer-reviewed journals and conference
proceedings may have excluded valuable insights from other sources such as industry reports.

Despite these limitations, the methodology employed in this study ensured a systematic and
rigorous approach to selecting and analyzing relevant literature on the topic of balancing ethics
and efficiency in civil engineering. The process of reducing the number of papers based on the
eligibility criteria helped focus on the most relevant and reliable sources, providing a strong
foundation for the subsequent analysis and discussion.

RESULTS

Ethical challenges faced by civil engineers

Ethical challenges faced by civil engineers are multi-faceted and complex due to the nature of
their work and the evolving societal and environmental contexts. The references provided shed
light on various ethical challenges that civil engineers encounter in their profession. These
challenges include changing climate adaptation and sustainability awareness, societal concerns,
policy-making and societal values, professional conduct and ethical behavior, and technological
advancements.

One of the main ethical challenges faced by civil engineers is climate change adaptation. Climate
change has become a major concern for society, and civil engineers have an ethical obligation to
protect the safety, health and welfare of the public in a changing climate (Roth, 2021). They must
adapt their practices to meet their ethical obligations incorporating sustainability awareness into

LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, agosto, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 2 p 4857.

their work and considering the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability and ethics
(Mares-Nasarre, 2023). Civil engineers have an ethical responsibility to protect the environment
and make life better for people (Chance et al., 2021).

Societal concerns also pose challenges for civil engineers. The increasing population, rapid
urbanization, and industrialization have put pressure on civil engineers to provide infrastructure
that meets the needs of society (Sajith & Robin Davis, 2020). In addition, civil engineers must
consider social justice and equity when designing and implementing projects in smart cities
(CosgraveEllie, 2017). They must address the complex and subtle societal challenges, such as
climate change and environmental degradation, that affect the lives of urban populations
(Nukulchai, 2017). This requires a holistic approach and a paradigm shift in the field of civil
engineering.

Policy-making and societal values are becoming increasingly important in the civil engineering
field. Civil engineers must understand and navigate the ethical implications of their work
(Polmear, 2022a). They need to consider the interests of society or the public, who are often the
end-users of the infrastructure they design and build (Chong et al., 2022). Ethical decision-making
involves balancing the needs of stakeholders and ensuring that decisions align with societal
values (Pan et al., 2022). Civil engineers should strive to work ethically and ensure that their
decisions and actions are not influenced by the interests of stakeholders.

Professional conduct and ethics play a crucial role in civil engineering. Civil engineers must
adhere to codes of professional conduct that outline their obligations and ethical responsibilities
(Pan et al., 2022). These codes guide how to balance cost pressures with ethical considerations.
Civil engineers are responsible for the safety and welfare of the public, and they must prioritize
the public interest in their work (Pan et al., 2022). They need ethically impeccable codes of
professional conduct that are not influenced by the interests of stakeholders. Upholding
professional ethics is essential for maintaining public faith in the field and its professionals
(Binani, 2022).

Technological advancements also pose ethical challenges for civil engineers. The rapid
advancement of technology requires civil engineers to stay updated and informed to ensure they
make ethical choices that contribute to the betterment of society and the environment (Reinhardt,
2022). They need to embrace complexity and reflect on the appropriateness of the engineering
paradigm to address the societal challenges they face (Cosgrave, 2017). The ethical and social
impacts of emerging technologies, such as Construction 4.0, must be carefully considered by civil
engineers (Du Plessis & Sherratt, 2020; Forcael et al., 2020).

Professional ethics education and continuous professional development are essential for
addressing these ethical challenges (Binani, 2022). Ethics education helps civil engineers develop
ethical reasoning and social awareness. It equips them with the knowledge and understanding of
professional and ethical responsibilities. Ongoing professional development allows civil
engineers to maintain a high level of competence and ensure the quality of their services.
Professional associations play a crucial role in promoting ethical conduct and enforcing
professional obligations and standards within the civil engineering profession.

The Importance of Ethics for civil engineers

Ethics plays a crucial role in the field of civil engineering, shaping the conduct and decision-
making of professionals in the industry. The references provided highlight the significance of
ethics in various aspects of civil engineering. The importance of ethics for civil engineers is
underscored by the need to prioritize the well-being and safety of the public (Roth, 2021; Waisapi,
2022). Civil engineers have a professional and ethical responsibility to ensure that their work

LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, agosto, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 2 p 4858.

upholds the highest standards of quality, safety, and sustainability (Chance et al., 2021; Quapp &
Holschemacher, 2016). Their decisions and actions should consider the impact on society, the
environment, and future generations (Kodeboyina, 2023a; Tiza, 2023).

Ethics help civil engineers navigate complex decision-making processes, balancing cost-
effectiveness with social and environmental considerations (Chong et al., 2022). Ethics is closely
tied to professional conduct, emphasizing the responsibilities and obligations of civil engineers
in their interactions with clients, colleagues, and the public (Quapp & Holschemacher, 2016).

Professional codes of ethics set guidelines for ethical behavior, ensuring that civil engineers
maintain integrity, honesty, and transparency in their professional practice (Gridneva & Shvaikina,
2020; Hansen, 2023). These codes help guard against conflicts of interest, bias, and corruption,
protecting the public's interests (Davis & Porter, 2016; Polmear, 2022b).

Ethics education has a significant role in shaping the ethical competence of civil engineering
students and professionals (Berdanier et al., 2018; Heimdal et al., 2021; Nguyen et al., 2022). By
introducing ethical principles and case studies into the curriculum, students develop a strong
ethical foundation and acquire the skills necessary to navigate ethical dilemmas (Leong & Elleithy,
2016). Promoting sustainability awareness and social commitment in civil engineering education
instills ethical values and prepares students to address the environmental and social dimensions
of the profession (Mares-Nasarre, 2023; Roca et al., 2022).

Overall, ethics is of paramount importance in civil engineering. It guides the behavior and
decision-making of professionals in the field, ensuring that they prioritize public safety,
environmental sustainability, and social responsibility. Ethics education equips civil engineers
with the knowledge and skills to navigate ethical challenges and make informed decisions. By
upholding ethical principles, civil engineers contribute to the betterment of society, build public
trust, and advance the profession as a whole.

Strategies for balancing ethics and efficiency

Strategies for balancing ethics and efficiency in civil engineering involve integrating sustainability
principles, adopting consumer behavior strategies, embracing information technology, promoting
ethical education, and implementing efficient resource management practices. These strategies
aim to achieve a harmonious balance between ethical considerations and efficient project
execution.

One key strategy is to prioritize sustainability and environmental consciousness in civil
engineering practices. This involves focusing on the use of green and high-performance
materials, as well as incorporating research and development results into practical projects. By
embracing sustainable development principles, civil engineers can reduce the environmental
impact of their projects without compromising technical and financial concerns (Bramald et al.,
2015; Kodeboyina, 2023b; Osofero et al., 2014; Zhou et al., 2020). This strategy ensures that
engineering processes contribute to the long-term well-being of the environment and society.

Another important strategy is to consider consumer behavior and promote conscious
consumption in the civil engineering market. This involves developing strategies that support eco-
efficiency, environmental friendliness, energy-saving, and intellectual content in construction
projects (Utomo et al., 2018). By aligning consumer behavior with sustainable practices, civil
engineers can contribute to the overall goal of sustainable development.

Embracing information technology is another strategy for balancing ethics and efficiency in civil
engineering. Increasingly, digital technologies are being used to improve project management
and enhance decision-making processes (Alvarez Vásquez et al., 2018; Murguia et al., 2022). By

LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, agosto, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 2 p 4859.

leveraging information construction and promoting the organic combination of information
technology and civil engineering management, professionals can improve the efficiency of
project execution (Chunyao, 2020).

Ethics education plays a fundamental role in balancing ethics and efficiency in civil engineering.
By integrating ethics into the curriculum and continuing professional development programs, civil
engineers can develop a strong ethical foundation and acquire the skills necessary to make
informed decisions (Waisapi, 2022). Ethical education also facilitates the establishment of an
ethical culture within the profession. This strategy ensures that professionals are equipped with
the knowledge and ethical competence needed to address ethical dilemmas and align their
actions with the broader interests of society.

Efficient resource management is another crucial strategy for balancing ethics and efficiency.
This involves adopting practices that prioritize the optimal use of resources, minimize waste
generation, and reduce energy consumption (Tiza, 2023). By implementing energy-efficient
technologies, sustainable design principles, and waste reduction strategies, civil engineers can
enhance efficiency while minimizing environmental impact. This strategy ensures that projects
are executed with a focus on resource stewardship and long-term sustainability.

By adopting these strategies, civil engineers can ensure that their projects are executed with
integrity, prioritize the well-being of society and the environment, and contribute to sustainable
development. These strategies aim to strike a balance between ethical considerations and
efficient project execution, ultimately fostering a positive impact on both the profession and
society as a whole.

CONCLUSIONS

This study aimed to explore the delicate balance between ethics and efficiency in civil engineering
and discuss how professionals can navigate construction challenges within this context. By
examining the various ethical dilemmas that arise in the field, as well as the potential conflicts
between ethical considerations and project efficiency, we have gained insights into the
complexities of decision-making in civil engineering.

Civil engineering projects often involve critical decisions that can have significant implications
for various stakeholders, including the environment, local communities, and future generations.
Balancing these competing interests can give rise to ethical dilemmas. For instance, the choice
between cost-saving measures and ensuring the safety and quality of construction presents a
recurring challenge. Similarly, the need to meet project deadlines can clash with proper planning
and design processes, potentially compromising the long-term durability and sustainability of
infrastructure.

Efficiency is a key concern in civil engineering projects, as time and cost considerations play a
vital role in project success. However, the pursuit of efficiency can sometimes clash with ethical
considerations. For example, fast-tracking construction processes may lead to inadequate safety
measures or insufficient environmental impact assessments. Similarly, cost-cutting measures
might compromise the use of sustainable materials or neglect the welfare and working
conditions of laborers.

Ethics and efficiency are not mutually exclusive. In fact, the reviewed literature suggests that
ethics can actually lead to greater efficiency. For example, if civil engineers are committed to
safety, they are more likely to design and construct projects that are safe and reliable. This can
save money in the long run, as it can reduce the need for repairs and maintenance.

LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, agosto, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 2 p 4861.

REFERENCES

Alvarez Vásquez, C. A., Rivera Vera, H. F., Conforme Cedeño, G. M., Campoverde Flores, F. K.,
Sornoza Parrales, D. R., & Merchán Nieto, L. (2018). Los procesos, las técnicas de negociación y
la tecnología. In Los procesos, las técnicas de negociación y la tecnología.
https://doi.org/10.17993/ecoorgycso.2018.41

Berdanier, C. G. P., Tang, X., & Cox, M. F. (2018). Ethics and Sustainability in Global Contexts:
Studying Engineering Student Perspectives Through Photoelicitation. Journal of Engineering
Education, 107(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20198

Binani, S. (2022). Ethical Preparedness, Self-Efficacy and Challenges in Engineering Education –
A Quantitative Study. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations.
https://doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2022/v35is1/22049

Bramald, T., Heidrich, O., & Hall, J. A. (2015). Teaching Sustainability to First Year Civil Engineering
Students. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability.
https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.14.00007

Chance, S., Lawlor, R., Direito, I., & Mitchell, J. (2021). Above and beyond: ethics and responsibility
in civil engineering. Australasian Journal of Engineering Education, 26(1), 93–116.

Chong, R. N. R., Belayutham, S., Ibrahim, C. K. I. C., & Adhikari, S. (2022). A Theoretical Exploration
on the Standing of Liberal Arts in the Civil Engineering Curriculum. Environment-Behaviour
Proceedings Journal, 7(19), 77–83.

Chunyao, D. (2020). Civil Engineering Management Level Improvement Strategy Based on
Information Construction. Iop Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/780/3/032011

Cosgrave, E. (2017). The Smart City: Challenges for the Civil Engineering Sector. Proceedings of
the Institution of Civil Engineers - Smart Infrastructure and Construction.
https://doi.org/10.1680/jsmic.17.00012

CosgraveEllie. (2017). The Smart City: Challenges for the Civil Engineering Sector. Proceedings
of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Smart Infrastructure and Construction.
https://doi.org/10.1680/jsmic.17.00012

Davis, M., & Porter, K. (2016). The Public’s Role in Seismic Design Provisions. Earthquake Spectra.
https://doi.org/10.1193/081715eqs127m

Du Plessis, C., & Sherratt, F. (2020). Construction 4.0 and built assets in-use: Creating an e-topia
or dystopia? Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers: Management, Procurement and Law,
173(4). https://doi.org/10.1680/jmapl.19.00054

Forcael, E., Ferrari, I., Opazo-Vega, A., & Pulido-Arcas, J. A. (2020). Construction 4.0: A literature
review. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 12, Issue 22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229755

Gridneva, N. A., & Shvaikina, N. S. (2020). Engineer’s Ethics Formation by Teaching Foreign
Language: Sociocultural Aspect. Vestnik of Samara State Technical University Psychological and
Pedagogical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.17673/vsgtu-pps.2020.1.4

Gwynne-Evans, A. (2021). Student reflection on engineering responsibility exemplified in a
professional code of conduct. 9th Research in Engineering Education Symposium and 32nd
Australasian Association for Engineering Education Conference, REES AAEE 2021: Engineering
Education Research Capability Development, 2. https://doi.org/10.52202/066488-0088

LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, agosto, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 2 p 4862.

Hansen, S. (2023). Etika Penelitian: Kajian Rektraksi Artikel Ilmiah Teknik Sipil. Jurnal Teknik Sipil.
https://doi.org/10.5614/jts.2023.30.1.15

Heimdal, A., Svennevig, P. R., & Norheim, T. (2021). Students Preparedness Towards Writing a
Bachelor Thesis; A Survey-Based Investigation. https://doi.org/10.35199/epde.2021.76

Hess, J. L., Beever, J., Zoltowski, C. B., Kisselburgh, L., & Brightman, A. O. (2019). Enhancing
engineering students’ ethical reasoning: Situating reflexive principlism within the SIRA
framework. Journal of Engineering Education, 108(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20249

Kodeboyina, G. B. (2023a). Sustainable strategies for monument protection-A panoramic view of
the possibilities and pitfalls. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1149(1),
012003.

Kodeboyina, G. B. (2023b). Ultra-High Performance Concrete as a Sustainable Structural
Composite. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1149/1/012002

Leong, L. T., & Elleithy, W. (2016). Impact of Past Project on the Educational Experience of Civil
Engineering Students. Matec Web of Conferences.
https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20164704010

Mares-Nasarre, P. (2023). Analyzing Sustainability Awareness and Professional Ethics of Civil
Engineering Bachelor’s Degree Students. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076263

Montalbán-Domingo, L., García-Segura, T., Sanz-Benlloch, A., & Pellicer, E. (2022). Factors and
Indicators to Assess Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in Public Works Procurement.
Construction Research Congress 2022: Infrastructure Sustainability and Resilience - Selected
Papers from Construction Research Congress 2022, 1-A.
https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483954.034

Murguia, D., Chen, Q., Van Vuuren, T. J., Rathnayake, A., Vilde, V., & Middleton, C. (2022). Digital
Measurement of Construction Performance: Data-to-dashboard Strategy. IOP Conference Series:
Earth and Environmental Science, 1101(9). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/9/092009

Nguyen, L. M., Poleacovschi, C., Faust, K. M., Padgett-Walsh, K., Feinstein, S. G., Vaziri, B., LaPatin,
M., & Rutherford, C. J. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic reveals challenges in engineering ethics
education. International Journal of Ethics Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40889-022-
00156-4

Nukulchai, W. K. (2017). A New Landscape of Civil Engineering Profession. Moj Civil Engineering.
https://doi.org/10.15406/mojce.2017.02.00048

Osofero, A. I., Udeaja, C., Corradi, M., & Vo, T. (2014). Sustainability challenges in civil engineering
education. Computing in Civil and Building Engineering - Proceedings of the 2014 International
Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering.
https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413616.254

Pan, P., Li, Y., Hao, S., Cao, H., & Liu, W. (2022). Research on the Current Situation and Trend
Development of Engineering Ethics Codes for Civil Engineering. Proceedings of the 2022
International Conference on Diversified Education and Social Development (DESD 2022), 276–
286. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-37-4_35

Polmear, M. (2022a). Macroethical Development in Civil Engineering Education.
https://doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1234

LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Asunción, Paraguay.
ISSN en línea: 2789-3855, agosto, 2023, Volumen IV, Número 2 p 4863.

Polmear, M. (2022b). MACROETHICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL
ENGINEERING EDUCATION. SEFI 2022 - 50th Annual Conference of the European Society for
Engineering Education, Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1234

Quapp, U., & Holschemacher, K. (2016). Professional ethics in the daily working practice of civil
and structural engineers. In R. Komurlu, A. P. Gurgun, A. Singh, & S. Yazdani (Eds.), Proceedings
of International Structural Engineering and Construction.
https://doi.org/10.14455/ISEC.res.2016.38

Reinhardt, K. (2022). Trust and trustworthiness in AI ethics. AI and Ethics.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00200-5

Roca, E., Real, E., & Ferrer, I. (2022). Integrating Sustainability and Social Commitment (S&sc)
Competences in the Curriculum at the Barcelona School of Civil Engineering.
https://doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1162

Roth, L. H. (2021). The Climate Is Changing, Deal With It. In GeoStrata Magazine Archive (Vol. 25,
Issue 5, pp. 12–15). American Society of Civil Engineers.

Sajith, S. A., & Robin Davis, R. D. (2020). Preface. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and
Engineering, 936(1), 011001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/936/1/011001

Sornoza, D., Sornoza, G., Parrales, M., & Guaranda, V. (2020). Motivación hacia el servicio público,
un análisis de la literatura de China y Ecuador. Revista Espacios, 41(30).

Tiza, M. T. (2023). Integrating Sustainability Into Civil Engineering and the Construction Industry.
Journal of Cement Based Composites. https://doi.org/10.36937/cebacom.2023.5756

Utomo, M. N., Wahyudi, S., Muharam, H., & Taolin, M. L. (2018). Strategy to improve firm
performance through operational efficiency commitment to environmental friendliness: Evidence
from indonesia. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 9(1).
https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2018.10.00004

Waisapi, N. J. Y. (2022). Profesionalisme Keinsinyuran. Formosa Journal of Social Sciences
(Fjss). https://doi.org/10.55927/fjss.v1i3.1285

Zhou, S., Zhou, M., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., Liu, Y., Shi, C., Lu, Y., & Zhou, T. (2020). Bibliometric and
social network analysis of civil engineering sustainability research from 2015 to 2019.
Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12176842

Todo el contenido de LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, publicados
en este sitio está disponibles bajo Licencia Creative Commons .