DOI: https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v6i6.5023=
Gender-based violence on digital
platforms: an analysis from the perspectives of psychology and law
Violencia de
género en plataformas digitales: un análisis desde las perspectivas de la
psicología y el derecho
Nubia Hernández
Flórez
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8756-1895
Corporación Universita=
ria
Americana
Barranquilla – Colombi=
a
Olena Klimenko
eklimenco@corre=
o.iue.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8411-1263
Institución Universita=
ria
de Envigado
Envigado, Antioquía –
Colombia
José Nuvaez Castillo
josenuvaez@amer=
icana.edu.co
https://orci=
d.org/0000-0002-0974-3738
Corporación Universita=
ria
Americana
Barranquilla – Colombi=
a
Vanessa Romero
Mendoza
vromero@america=
na.edu.co
https://orci=
d.org/0000-0003-2879-6680
Corporación Universita=
ria
Americana
Barranquilla – Colombi=
a
Cirit Mateus de Oro<= o:p>
mateusciritd@am=
ericana.edu.co
https://orci=
d.org/0000-0001-6897-589X
Corporación Universita=
ria
Americana
Barranquilla – Colombi=
a
Jorge Luis López
García
jllopezg@americ=
ana.edu.co
https://orci=
d.org/0000-0003-1392-685X
Corporación Universita=
ria
Americana
Barranquilla – Colombi=
a
Artículo recibi=
do:
12 de agosto de 2025. Aceptado para publicación: 13 de diciembre de 2025.
Conflictos de Interés: Ninguno que declarar.
Abstract
The
fundamental purpose of this article was to analyze gender-based violence in=
the
digital environment from legal and psychological perspectives, employing a
qualitative, analytical, and descriptive method. It is argued that gender-b=
ased
violence in the digital age is primarily a cyber-violent phenomenon, based =
on a
meticulous literature review that included the analysis of key documents,
jurisprudence, and relevant literature. Online psychological violence was t=
he
focus of the study, highlighting that cyberbullying has a devastating impac=
t on
the emotional, mental, and even physical stability of individuals, both wom=
en
and men. From a psychological perspective, it is clear that women who have
experienced online gender-based violence exhibit elevated levels of anxiety,
post-traumatic stress, and depression, which seriously affects their health=
. In
legal terms, the legislation in Colombia is examined, specifically Law 1257=
of
2008. It is noted that, despite some progress, there are notable shortcomin=
gs
in the regulatory framework that prevent an appropriate response to the
problems faced by victims. The persistence of violence is fueled by the lac=
k of
proper classification of certain cybercrimes and by the fact that instituti=
onal
support is insufficient. It is concluded that gender-based violence in
cyberspace comprehensively affects mental health, and that legislative refo=
rms
and increased psychological support for victims are essential to effectively
address this serious problem.
Keywords:
gender, =
violence,
cyber, depression, anxiety, jurisprudence
Resumen
El propósito fundamental de este artículo f=
ue
analizar la violencia de género en el entorno digital desde los puntos de v=
ista
del derecho y la psicología, empleando un método cualitativo que es analíti=
co y
descriptivo. Se dice que la violencia de género en la era digital es un tip=
o de
violencia que ocurre en línea. Esto se basa en una cuidadosa revisión de la
literatura, que incluyó el análisis de documentos importantes, leyes y text=
os
relevantes. La violencia psicológica en línea fue el foco de estudio, ponie=
ndo
de relieve que el hostigamiento cibernético tiene un impacto desastroso en =
la
estabilidad emocional, mental e incluso física de las personas, tanto mujer=
es
como hombres. Es claro desde el enfoque psicológico que las mujeres que han
padecido violencia de género en la red presentan niveles elevados de ansied=
ad,
estrés postraumático y depresión, lo que afecta seriamente su salud. En
términos legales, se examina la legislación en Colombia, concretamente la L=
ey
1257 de 2008. Se indica que, pese a algunos progresos, hay insuficiencias
notables en el marco normativo que impiden una respuesta apropiada a los
problemas que afrontan las víctimas. La persistencia de la violencia se ve
alimentada por la escasez de una correcta tipificación de algunos delitos
cibernéticos y por el hecho de que la atención institucional es insuficient=
e.
Se concluye que la violencia de género en el ciberespacio afecta integralme=
nte
la salud mental y es imprescindible llevar a cabo reformas legislativas e
incrementar el apoyo psicológico a las víctimas para enfrentar de forma efi=
caz
este grave problema.
Palabras clave: género, violenc=
ia,
cibernética, depresión, ansiedad, jurisprudencia
<= o:p>
<= o:p>
<= o:p>
Todo el contenido de LATAM Revi=
sta
Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, publicado en este sitio
está disponibles bajo Licencia Creative Commons.=
C=
ómo
citar: Hernández Flórez, N., Klimenko, O., Nuvaez Cast=
illo,
J., Romero Mendoza, V., Mateus de Oro, C., & López García, J. L. (2025)=
. Gender-b=
ased
violence on digital platforms: an analysis from the perspectives of psychol=
ogy
and law. LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales=
y
Humanidades 6 (6), 1902 – 1917. https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v6i6.5023
INTRODUCTION
Gender-based violence in the digital environment has increased in o=
ur
time, affecting the form of virtual attacks against women. This harassment,
which includes all forms of intimidation, slander, and any kind of
disparagement simply because one is a woman, has found fertile ground in the
vast cyber social network, where relationships and communications are not
subject to the social or legal controls that exist in the physical world
(Pascoe et al., 2022)From a social perspective, gender-based violence in th=
ese
spaces can have long-term effects on women’s social health, lowering their
self-esteem, causing stress and depression, and, in the most severe cases,
revictimizing them (van der Miesen et al., 2020=
)
In the sociological sphere, it has been noted that digital platforms
bear witness to the social inequalities observed in the physical world. Soc=
ial
interactions and customs that have defined the treatment of men and women in
real life tend to be reproduced and even intensified in the virtual realm (=
De
Vries et al., 2020).Gender-based violence in
cyberspace not only encompasses explicit harm, but also includes acts of so=
cial
control and surveillance in which women appear to be under constant, system=
atic
observation. This is even more serious in situations where the media cover =
the
event, since what is observed is, for the most part, sexist aggression agai=
nst
women in the public eye (Doyle et al., 2023)
From a sociological perspective, online gender-based violence
represents power relations that are historically rooted in society. Despite
advances in women’s rights, the dominant attitude persists that treats wome=
n as
prisoners who must be monitored and punished for their social actions
(Ruiz-Pérez & Pastor-Moreno, 2020).Digital
platforms provide a space for interaction beyond physical contact, allowing
perpetrators of violence to operate without scrutiny and exacerbating gender
imbalances in social relationships. This form of violence, often dismissed =
as
trivial, is a consequence of a reality in which women continue to suffer
rampant discrimination (Ajduković et al., =
2021).
The legal framework in Colombia has advanced toward recognizing
gender-based violence. However, there are still gaps in the law on digital
violence. Although Law 1257 of 2008 seeks to address violence against women=
, it
fails to provide clear provisions for preventing and addressing violence
against women in the online sphere. This lack of measures provides inadequa=
te
protection for victims, as perpetrators can exploit the anonymity afforded =
by
the internet. The absence of effective and comprehensive legal instruments
allows digital violence to go inadequately regulated without an effective l=
egal
remedy (Hardy et al., 2020)
In the social context, victimization in digital spaces also reinfor=
ces
gender stereotypes that restrict women’s participation in public life. When
they experience gender-based violence in the digital space, they are labele=
d as
guilty or as provocateurs of such acts, thereby fueling a culture of blame
directed at victims (Mtotywa et al., 2023).This can be associated with revictimization, in the =
sense
that women are questioned about their behavior on social media, further inv=
alidating
the reality of the violence they have suffered. Without solidarity and supp=
ort
from society, this type of aggression becomes invisible (Karalexi
et al., 2020).
Psychology also plays a fundamental role in understanding the emoti=
onal
and behavioral responses that women have to digital violence. In many cases,
women who experience online gender-based violence suffer a profound decline=
in
their psychological well-being, which can lead them to develop symptoms of
post-traumatic stress disorder or, in more extreme cases, result in a
significant decrease in trust in their relationships (Silva et al., 2021).A=
s a
space for constant interaction, the Internet facilitates the ongoing occurr=
ence
of harassment and violence that causes emotional trauma and severely restri=
cts
the ability to heal (Garzón-Segura & Carcedo-González,
2020).
From a sociological perspective, the term “culture of violence” is
relevant to the study of gender-based violence in the online context (Thuli=
n et
al., 2020). In this sense, platforms not only serve as spaces where acts of
aggression take place, but also perpetuate the normalization of violent
behaviors. Discrediting and controlling aggression thru digital media is
understood and justified as “part of the game” in online interactions. This
translates into little social condemnation of perpetrators, which means tha=
t,
for the most part, gender-based violence on social media is not considered a
serious problem (Bani-Fatemi et al., 2020).
In
the legal sphere, concerning digital gender-based violence in Colombia, the
legal response has been somewhat indifferent compared to the efforts made by
feminist organizations and human rights groups to raise awareness of this t=
ype
of situation (Hernández-Flórez et al., 2024).
Although Colombian legislation is beginning to recognize digital violence in
cases such as cyberbullying, sexual violence, and psychological violence,
enforcement of these regulations remains very limited (Jaimes-Velásquez
et al., 2023). In most cases, victims choose to remain silent due to distru=
st
in the justice system and the social stigma involved. Added to this is the
difficulty that anonymous harassers face in being identified and prosecuted=
on
social media, which exacerbates the lack of justice (Hernández-Flórez et al., 2023).
To adequately address the problem of digital gender-based violence,=
it
is necessary to integrate psychology, sociology, and law. First, I believe =
that
addressing the psychological needs of victims should be prioritized thru
counselling programs to help them process and recover from the emotional im=
pact
of the violence (John et al., 2023). Furthermore, there should be social
education on the importance of gender equality in the digital space, and
awareness campaigns about the dangers of violence against women should be
implemented. Last but not least, the legal framework must be strengthened to
provide an adequate legal response to victims and ensure that perpetrators =
are
held legally accountable (Almeida et al., 2023)
The problem of gender-based violence in digital spaces is particula=
rly
troubling, and in the case of Colombia, we are faced with the need to imple=
ment
effective, specific public policies that safeguard women’s integrity in the
digital realm (Lunneblad & Johansson, 2021)=
. This
involves amending existing laws, raising awareness about gender-based viole=
nce,
and even providing appropriate psychological support to those who have been
victimized. Only in this way, and with the interdisciplinary support of
psychology, sociology, and law, can we eliminate this form of violence and
create a safer and more equitable digital environment for all women
(Sánchez-Hernández et al., 2020)
METHODOLOGY
The methodological approach of this article is descriptive and
analytical qualitative research. The main objective is to document and
critically and comprehensively analyze violence against women and gender-ba=
sed
violence on digital platforms, paying attention to the repercussions, the
impact it has, and the response provided by the legal framework, as well as=
by
psychology and sociology(Sa=
raswati
& Devi, 2023). The article seeks, thru the analysis of discourses,
narratives, and the existing legal framework, to explain the structural
components of violence that reflect deeply rooted social problems and pose
current challenges (Atta-Sakyi et al., 2020).
The qualitative approach is justified by the need to understand the
phenomenon in question beyond statistical figures. This type of research he=
lps
capture the complexity of gender-based violence in a digital context, the i=
nteraction
with established social control systems, and how digital platforms serve as
spaces for perpetuating gender inequalities(Pill=
ai
& Kaushal, 2020).
The type of research conducted in this article is reflective and
analytical in nature. It involves reviewing, interpreting, and analyzing the
existing literature on gender-based violence in relation to digital platfor=
ms,
including academic writings, relevant case law, and both national and
international legislation (Haydam & Steenka=
mp,
2020). The literature on the effects of digital violence on victims’ mental
health, especially among women, and the control mechanisms behind these vio=
lent
acts is also analyzed. Additionally, institutional responses and gaps in the
enforcement of existing regulations are explored (Reddy, 2020)
The reflexive aspect under consideration arises from the need to
explain how online gender-based violence is, in fact, an intricate interpla=
y of
numerous events and how it exists within the broader societal framework of
systemic inequality, a persistent patriarchal culture, and inadequate legal
frameworks (Fox & Alldred, 2023). The analy=
sis is
based on several sociological and psychological theories of violence and the
virtual space in which it occurs (Lundberg et al., 2020)
Research Procedures
Literature Review
Completing a literature review is the first step in contextualizing=
the
problem and identifying useful theoretical frameworks for analysis. It cove=
rs
all information relevant to the topic at hand. This review will include:
Academic articles: Previous studies addressing gender-bas=
ed
violence on digital platforms will be compiled, particularly in relation to
Colombia and other international contexts (Guevara et al., 2020).
Legislation and case law: Colombian laws on gender-based violence
will be analyzed, specifically the scope of digital violence (i.e., Law 125=
7 of
2008, Law 1620 of 2013, etc.), as well as relevant decisions by the
Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Colombia addressing this type=
of
violence (Furidha, 2024).
Reports from international organizations: Documents from institutions such as the
United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and other NGOs t=
hat
address digital gender-based violence and its ramifications at the global l=
evel
and within the region (Saraswati & Devi, 20=
23).
Case studies and statistics: The study of incidents of digital
gender-based violence in Colombia and other countries, along with statistics
related to the effects of this violence on the female population.
Stories and Speeches That Ignite
After collecting the necessary information, I will proceed to analy=
ze
the discourse and narratives within the selected sources. The analysis will
focus on the social representations of gender-based violence within
sociocultural frameworks and how these narratives reinforce the normalizati=
on
of online abuse. This analysis will examine social victimization, the
perpetrator, and institutional responses, including the gender stereotypes =
and
biases that dominate and sustain this type of violence.=
(Andrades-Moya, 2024).
The analysis of narratives involves a critical examination of how
victims of gender-based violence are portrayed online on social media, in
mainstream news, and in other media, as well as the consequences of these
representations for the public’s understanding of the relative violence of =
the
digital space (Ariyani et al., 2021)
Colombia has legislation and case law on gender-based violence in
digital environments. This legal mechanism will be analyzed to establish
punitive measures proportionate to the type of violence inflicted. This
integrative study will enable us to recognize how the legislator’s intent p=
lays
out in practice, in light of the gaps in the application of the law and the
obstacles to its enforcement. Digital gender-based violence will also be
analyzed from the perspective of the legal responses that have been provide=
d,
taking into account the concepts of violence and gender (Fox & Alldred, 2023).
Gender-based violence is a phenomenon characterized by its complexi=
ty;
therefore, I will address the issue from the perspectives of psychology,
sociology, and law. The perceived harms of digital gender-based violence wi=
ll
be addressed from a legal perspective, considering its most extreme
manifestation: harm to a person’s dignity, and analyzing the suffering caus=
ed
by the devaluation and disheartenment that arise when their social image is
affected. The concepts related to the flows of violence, domination, and po=
wer
associated with this type of violence will be explored. From a legal
perspective, normative actions are undertaken to establish categories (Furidha, 2024).
DEVELOPMENT
Analysis from case law in Colombia
Gender-based violence on digital platforms has become one of the mo=
st
intricate and widespread forms of violence against women in Colombia, affec=
ting
their physical, psychological, and emotional well-being (Chaparro-Saenz &am=
p;
Galpin, 2021). Thru social media and other digital spaces, this phenomenon =
is
largely expressed thru sexual harassment, defamation, threats, and the
non-consensual dissemination of intimate images (Mutin=
ta,
2025). In an effort to address this problem, Colombian law has made signifi=
cant
strides in recognizing and addressing online gender-based violence, but gaps
still exist between the law and practice when it comes to the effective
enforcement and implementation of these laws (Muñoz-Zapata & Osorio-Fra=
nco,
2024)
A milestone in Colombian jurisprudence regarding gender-based viole=
nce
on digital platforms is the Constitutional Court’s Decision C-355 of 2018,
which upheld the constitutionality of several provisions aimed at safeguard=
ing
women’s rights in the digital context (Rodas-Zuleta
et al., 2022). In this ruling, the court accepted the notion of digital
gender-based violence as a form of psychological violence, affirming women’s
right to a life free from violence in both the physical and virtual spheres.
This marked a critical step in integrating Colombian law to address the
challenges posed by the modern digital age (Suarez-Estrada, 2022).
In the Court’s jurisprudence, it has been argued that gender-based
violence on digital platforms is a product of the systems of control and
domination that have existed in society throughout hist=
ory(Andrade-Perdomo,
2024). The Court has also stated in several rulings that women in Colombia
continue to be victims of patriarchal violence, domination, and subordinati=
on
that manifests physically in virtual spaces. In this way, case law has
consistently held that online harassment, threats, and defamation constitute
violence that reproduces structural gender inequality in Colombian society
(Rodriguez-Saavedra et al., 2025).
The Colombian Penal Code has sought to respond to these new forms of
violence by introducing new laws related to cyberbullying, invasion of priv=
acy,
and the misuse of information technologies. For example, Law 1620 of 2013, =
as a
violence prevention policy, sought to address not only traditional forms of
violence but also cyberviolence, ensuring respect for students’ fundamental
educational rights(Escalera=
-Silva
et al., 2024). This has been implemented in several court rulings in which =
the
Court has issued decisions in favor of victims of digital harassment,
emphasizing the State’s duty to provide protective measures to all women,
without discrimination as to the physical or virtual spaces in which such
violence occurs.
As for the Supreme Court of Justice, in its most recent jurispruden=
ce,
the court has integrated “gender-based violence” in the digital context into
its scope of application (Vanegas & Pinzón,
2025). In 2019, the Court emphasized the need to study the impact of using
platforms to perpetrate digital violence against women, especially in relat=
ion
to human trafficking, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse via the internet. T=
his
decision is a notable step forward in understanding the Colombian regulatory
framework in relation to technological advances and emerging forms of violence(Cookson et al., 2023).
With regard to the regulatory framework, the fact that online
harassment has been criminalized under Article 210A
of the Colombian Penal Code provides a clear indication of the concern
surrounding this issue (Hicks, 2024). This article imposes prison sentences=
on
those who, thru technological means, engage in violence, harassment, or
defamation against another person. The creation of this criminal offense se=
eks
to safeguard individuals’ integrity against the abusive use of digital tool=
s,
setting an important precedent in the fight against digital violence
(Guerrero-Sierra et al., 2025). Its application has faced problems such as
those surrounding the identification and prosecution of offenders in virtual
environments, where anonymity facilitates the commission of these crimes.
In the context of the right to privacy, case law has been quite for=
ceful
in addressing individuals’ right to privacy and protecting their data in
digital environments. In 2017, the Constitutional Court, in its ruling T-47=
9,
highlighted the intrusion into women’s privacy thru the unauthorized
dissemination of intimate images, holding that it was necessary to protect
their privacy. To this end, the Court has held that women control the
information projected about them, and any infringement of this right, even =
in
the digital sphere, constitutes violence that the State is obliged to prote=
ct
and must therefore be mitigated in accordance with domestic laws and
international law (Bates, 2022).
However, one of the most significant problems of the Colombian judi=
cial
system in relation to this type of violence against women is the lack of
resources and capacity to practically enforce the laws already in place(Henshaw, 2023). Despite the efforts made by case=
law
to protect women in the virtual sphere, the robust regulations remain
unenforced (Iyawa et al., 2024). The inability =
to
identify perpetrators, fear of revictimization, and the lack of support for
victims are factors that hinder access to justice(López-Baquero, 2025).
Likewise, it has been emphasized that a comprehensive approach to
digital gender-based violence must include preventive, educational, and
awareness-raising measures (García, 2024). The Court has noted in multiple
rulings the need to strengthen awareness campaigns on respect for women’s h=
uman
rights in the virtual sphere, as well as the need to train justice system p=
ersonnel
in digital violence thru programs designed for their professional developme=
nt.
Gender-based violence must also be combated in schools and universities thru
educational initiatives (Monroy-Santander & Otálor=
a-Gallego,
2024).
In conclusion, it is evident that jurisprudence in Colombia has made
efforts to protect women from digital gender-based violence; however, there
remains a significant gap in the country regarding the persistent challenge=
s of
implementation and regulatory adjustment. Although judicial rulings have
acknowledged the magnitude of the problem, the judicial system needs to
redouble its legislative response efforts to address violence in a
comprehensive manner (Cookson & Fuentes, 2025). The issue must be addre=
ssed
from various disciplines. At the very least, law, technology, and psychology
can be used to devise solutions and, therefore, to fully safeguard women in=
the
digital sphere (Koch et al., 2025).
RESULTS
In recent years, violence against women in the digital sphere has emerged a=
s a
concerning issue that impacts the lives of millions of women worldwide. Thru
the qualitative methodology employed in this article, it has been found that
digital forms of violence are an extension of the socially conditioned
dominance already exerted in the physical world (Wold<=
/span>,
2020). Women, particularly those active in public domains such as social me=
dia
or blogs, face multifaceted attacks ranging from harassment to defamation a=
nd
cyberbullying. This represents the growing phenomenon of structural violenc=
e in
an intensified form. This digital form of aggression is largely divorced fr=
om accountability(Pascoe et al., 2022).
The analysis of narratives on digital platforms reveals that online
aggression must be understood as more than isolated incidents: it constitut=
es a
form of violence within a broader system of misogynistic oppression. Thru
comments and posts, aggressors reinforce sexist stereotypes that objectify =
and
demean women (van der Miesen et al., 2020). Thi=
s form
of violence is rooted in the normalization of traditional gender roles, and
very often social indifference facilitates its dismissal. Women are frequen=
tly
deprived of effective means to defend themselves, which in turn reinforces =
the
culture of violence in the digital sphere(Dunn, =
2020).
Regarding Colombian law, it has been noted that, although there is a
legal framework such as Law 1257 of 2008 that seeks to prevent, punish, and
eradicate violence against women, there is no specific and effective provis=
ion
for digital gender-based violence (Rodas-Zuleta=
et
al., 2022). In particular, the law on digital violence fails to define cert=
ain
offenses such as online harassment or the non-consensual dissemination of
intimate images. In case law, while the Constitutional Court has issued
decisions related to domestic violence, the response to digital violence is
still in its infancy, and victims often do not find adequate support under =
the
available legislation.
The analysis of cases of digital gender-based violence in Colombia
showed that many victims do not report the attacks due to fear of
revictimization, lack of trust in institutions, or the impunity enjoyed by
perpetrators (García, 2024). This phenomenon is reflected in the lack of
reports, as well as in the authorities’ ineffectiveness in tracking down and
sanctioning those responsible for acts of digital violence. The challenge t=
hat
anonymous platforms pose in identifying perpetrators is one of the greatest
barriers to law enforcement and continues to perpetuate impunity, thereby
limiting victims’ opportunities for justice .(Za=
mora-Moncayo et al., 2021).
Women who are victims of digital gender-based violence face
psychological impacts that result in anxiety, depression, stress, and low
self-esteem. From a psychological perspective, these results demonstrate the
destructive repercussions that digital gender-based violence inflicts on
victims (Vanegas & Pinzón, 2025). Women who
experience online harassment live with an endless sense of exposure that ha=
rms
their emotional well-being and their ability to fully engage in the digital
sphere. On some occasions, victims feel they must withdraw from digital
platforms to safeguard their mental health. In turn, this limits their free=
dom
of expression and participation in public life (Monroy-Santander & Otálora-Gallego, 2024).
Furthermore, digital power dynamics have been found to reinforce ge=
nder
inequality by creating an environment in which women are constantly monitor=
ed
and controlled. Digital harassment and online aggression serve as mechanism=
s of
social control intended to subordinate women (Bates, 2022). This phenomenon=
is
particularly evident on social media, where women in public life whether
politicians, celebrities, or activists are often the primary targets of sex=
ist
and discriminatory abuse. It illustrates a patriarchal culture that has car=
ried
over into the digital age, viewing women as mere objects of violent aggress=
ion
(Sánchez-Fuentes et al., 2021).
From a sociological perspective, the findings reveal that digital
violence is not merely an individual occurrence but is underpinned by syste=
mic
social and gender inequalities. As a result of the lack of effective control
mechanisms to mitigate abusive online behavior, digital platforms have beco=
me
fertile ground for violence, since they facilitate interaction without phys=
ical
filters (Bonilla-Algovia et al., 2020). Social =
norms
and gender biases are easily carried over into the digital sphere, where wo=
men,
just as in the physical world, are shaped by a culture that views them as
inferior, subjugated, or dominated (Escalera-Si=
lva et
al., 2024).
A crucial dimension of digital violence is revictimization, where
attacks against a woman intensify the moment she=
tries
to seek justice or expresses disagreement with what has happened. Generally,
institutional responses dedicated to addressing and responding to cases of
gender-based violence in the digital sphere are highly inadequate, given the
particularities of violence in cyberspace (Thulin et al., 2020). This
highlights the lack of adequate regulatory frameworks for online gender-bas=
ed
violence, which should place greater emphasis on protection and sanction
mechanisms, as well as the need to address digital education rights, gender
equality, and feminism (Garzón-Segura & Carcedo-González,
2020).
The study also mentions that, while there are NGOs and other sector=
s of
feminist civil society working to address gender-based violence, there is s=
till
a lack of a comprehensive public policy that tackles this issue in an
integrated manner (Brito et al., 2020). The current problems in public
investment are largely related to a lack of leadership and to the systematic
handling of cyberbullying response efforts under a single, isolated approac=
h.
It is crucial not only to understand the dimensions of the phenomenon, but =
also
to strengthen all administrative control mechanisms thru training in addres=
sing
and handling gender-based violence, as well as in providing counselling and
appropriate support to victims (Bani-Fatemi et al., 2020).
Ultimately, the reflective analysis conducted in this article
demonstrates that, to address the problem of gender-based violence on digit=
al
platforms, it is essential to implement an integrated approach that includes
laws, education, healthcare, and also a shift in social culture. Within the=
digital
space, women must be granted respect as a basic human right, and as such, l=
egal
reforms must be complemented by awareness campaigns (Koch et al., 2025).
Furthermore, victims of digital abuse should receive appropriate psychologi=
cal
support, as well as educational programs that address gender-based violence=
in
a suitable manner to prevent its future occurrence (John et al., 2023)
In conclusion, gender-based violence on digital platforms must be
addressed as a multifaceted problem thru interdisciplinary collaboration.
Lawmakers must stay abreast of evolving forms of violence, while institutio=
ns
must coordinate efforts to safeguard victims and deter future violence (Coo=
kson
et al., 2023). Digital culture must advocate for respect and equality, enab=
ling
women to defend their rights and actively participate in the digital sphere
without fear of aggression (Cookson et al., 2023).
DISCUSSION
The problem of gender-based violence on digital platforms has emerg=
ed
as one of the most insidious and complex forms of aggression against women,
especially in the context of online sexual harassment. This form of abuse h=
as
become rampant as technology has advanced and Internet access has become ea=
sier
(Hall & Evans, 2020). The lack of identification requirements, coupled =
with
poorly defined online regulations and the absence of boundaries on the
Internet, has created the perfect environment for the spread of violent
behavior. Online perpetrators attack with such anonymity and ease that viol=
ence
has reached new dimensions. The safety and protection of women, even in the
virtual sphere, no longer exist. They are dangerously exposed to incessant
threats of violence (Hossain et al., 2020). The forms of abuse inflicted
unleash vast emotional damage on their psyche and are a sociological,
psychological, and legal issue of great concern.
From a psychological perspective, it has been noted that sexual
cyberbullying can cause severe emotional disorders such as anxiety, depress=
ion,
post-traumatic stress, and a marked reduction in self-esteem (Hossain et al=
.,
2020). The concern is greater for victims, as they suffer a deterioration in
their mental health from being surrounded by violent and humiliating conten=
t.
This type of aggression not only harms women’s mental health but also impai=
rs their
ability to form healthy relationships in the digital sphere, thereby
contributing to their social isolation. Another phenomenon that frequently
accompanies this type of aggression is revictimization, which occurs when
women, in their attempt to express what is happening to them, are attacked =
or
discredited over and over again(Lugova
et al., 2020).
In Colombia, legal authorities are beginning to address this issue
using legislation that remains insufficient. Legal frameworks such as Law 1=
257
of 2008 have served to recognize the existence of gender-based violence, but
have not been able to fully adapt to the challenges posed by digital sexual
violence (Muñoz-Zapata & Osorio-Franco, 2024). The legal classification=
of
online sexual harassment, the non-consensual distribution of intimate mater=
ial,
and grooming lacks clear definitions, strict penalty structures, and effect=
ive
enforcement mechanisms. In many cases, victims distrust the institutions me=
ant
to help them, and the judicial process is lengthy and painful. The rapid
development and proliferation of digital technologies, coupled with the lac=
k of
relevant legal frameworks, result in lasting impunity and make it impossibl=
e to
protect victims in a meaningful way (Bates, 2022).
From a sociological perspective, gender-based violence in the digital sphere
reproduces the social imbalances that already exist in the real world. The
digital sphere has become a space where the same dynamics of domination and
control that women experience in real life are
reproduced, but intensified by anonymity and the lack of regulation (Ruiz-P=
érez
& Pastor-Moreno, 2020). In most cases, online abusers use this space as=
a
means to reinforce their power over women and, consequently, to crush them,
which reflects a deeply rooted patriarchal culture. In light of the above, =
it
is worth highlighting that women who experience =
this
type of violence face a double form of violence (Mtoty=
wa
et al., 2023). First, sexual violence itself. Second, the social burden of
being stigmatized and blamed for this violence by the attackers and by a
society that tries to justify, minimize, or downplay it (Capasso
et al., 2021).
In this context, digital violence as a social problem takes on a critical
dimension. In various cultures, violence perpetrated thru the use of
technological media is perceived as a lesser form of attack than physical
violence, which contributes to the delegitimization of complaints. This lac=
k of
information, as well as the downplaying of virtual sexual violence cases,
results in the inability to address sexual violence inflicted thru digital
means (Escalera-Silva et al., 2024). In additio=
n to
these, victims often face psychological barriers, such as fear of social
judgment, revictimization, or ignorance of legal issues, which make reporti=
ng
difficult. The disconnect between victims and authorities reinforces violen=
ce
(Thulin et al., 2020).
From a clinical perspective, violence perpetrated thru digital devi=
ces
not only affects the perpetrator but also has implications for the victim, =
constituting
a phenomenon of multicausality (Goessmann et al=
.,
2020). Many women need not legal support but
psychological help to navigate the emotional effects of digital violence on
their lives. Psychological support should consider the full range of short-=
and
long-term consequences that can compromise health, particularly emotional
effects and self-esteem. It is necessary for women to receive assistance du=
ring
and after the process so that they can file their complaints and subsequent=
ly
resume their online lives safely and with empowerment (González-Gijón et al., 2025).
From a legal standpoint, it is essential to have a regulatory frame=
work
that addresses cases of gender-based violence on digital platforms in a
particularly comprehensive manner. A legal change is required that specific=
ally
addresses online sexual violence and, as a result, imposes strict penalties=
on
offenders (Brito et al., 2020). It is also necessary to establish a swift a=
nd
secure reporting and case-tracking system that protects victims of harassme=
nt
and prevents revictimization. The establishment of such measures, such as
regulating digital platforms and creating protocols for responding to cases=
of
violence, would be fundamental to addressing one of the great dilemmas of t=
he 21st
century: online sexual violence (Rodas-Zuleta e=
t al.,
2022).
The challenge from a sociological perspective lies in modifying the
social and cultural structures that enable online gender-based violence. For
this type of aggression, awareness campaigns and education on respect and
gender equality must play a fundamental role (Koch et al., 2025). Similarly=
, it
is necessary for the most influential institutions digital platforms to com=
mit
to building a safer and more equitable environment where content involving
sexual violence is moderated and sanctioned in accordance with established
policies. It is both an obligation and a challenge for social media platfor=
ms
to assume responsibility and take on their role as controllers of user beha=
vior
(John et al., 2023).
To this problem must be added another equally relevant challenge:
prevention. Without denying the value of legal and psychological interventi=
ons,
gender-based violence in the digital sphere represents a growing challenge =
if
it is not addressed with strategic preventive measures(=
Abir & Zrizi, 2023).
Providing digital education, media literacy, and consent awareness are ways=
to
empower them and reduce their risk of becoming victims of violence. Also,
reconceptualizing and strengthening solidarity support which backs victims
alongside institutional bodies and support groups would reinforce the cultu=
re
of reporting(Hall & Evans, 2020).
Finally, combating gender-based violence on digital platforms requi=
res
the integrated action of psychologists, legal experts, sociologists, and the
platforms themselves. It is imperative that a legal framework be complement=
ed
by the restructuring of social norms and psychosocial support to enable wom=
en
to express themselves without restriction in a safe digital environment(Almeida
et al., 2023). Addressing online gender-based violence in a sustainable man=
ner
requires protecting women’s rights and dignity in the digital space through=
an
effective multidisciplinary intervention(Vanegas=
&
Pinzón, 2025).
CONCLUSIONS
Gender-based violence in the digital sphere is a contemporary phenomenon th=
at
constitutes an assault on human rights and has a terrifying impact on the
psychological and social well-being of victims. Social cyberbullying and
virtual abuse carried out through threats and psychological harassment on
social media impact the self-esteem and pride of women who suffer these
aggressions, leading in the long term to anxiety, depression, and even
post-traumatic stress. These situations make it clear how important it is to
implement psychological support programs to provide meaningful help to vict=
ims,
while also making it necessary to genuinely enforce legal reporting and red=
ress
policies.
Digital gender-based violence encompasses and reflects racial, ethn= ic, and indigenous violence, as well as all forms of social inequality that exi= st in the world and that we have been reproducing since time immemorial. Gender-based violence in the digital sphere is an extension of the violence perpetrated against women and has a sociological basis. It has been shown t= hat social media are under the control of the male segment of society, where aggression and the silencing of women continue with the sole purpose of sustaining asymmetrical power relations. This normalization and stigmatizat= ion is associated with the patriarchal culture that denies reports of sexual violence, deeply rooted in societies that minimize violen= ce and in the violence they normalize, thereby strengthening online violence.<= o:p>
From a legal perspective, it is concluded that Colombia still needs=
to
address technological and gender-based violence crimes, given the undeniable
advancement of technology. There are laws such as Law 1257 of 2008, which
addresses gender-based violence in broad terms but does not cover digital
sexual gender-based violence. It is evidently urgent that Colombian law evo=
lve in
its doctrine and provide legal tools that effectively prosecute digital
offenses and protect victims, ensuring their access to justice and preventi=
ng
impunity.
To design and implement public policies addressing the phenomenon of
gender-based violence and its manifestation on digital platforms, it is evi=
dent
that judges, psychologists, sociologists, and the digital platforms themsel=
ves
must be part of the solution. The awareness-raising and education on
gender-based violence that must be provided should be accompanied by improv=
ed
digital security conditions. All stakeholders must contribute to eliminating
this situation and ensuring that women can fully exercise their rights in t=
he
digital space without fear of being attacked.
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