Realidad virtual y simulación clínica en la formación de enfermería: impacto en la educación y el desarrollo de habilidades clínicas
Virtual reality and clinical simulation in nursing education: impact on learning and the development of clinical skills
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v6i3.4168Palabras clave:
educación en enfermería, realidad virtual, simulación clínica, aprendizaje basado en simulaciónResumen
La incorporación de tecnologías como la realidad virtual (RV) y la simulación clínica (SC) ha transformado la formación en enfermería al ofrecer entornos seguros y controlados para el desarrollo de competencias técnicas, cognitivas y actitudinales. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto de la RV y la SC en la adquisición de conocimientos, habilidades clínicas y competencias transversales en estudiantes de enfermería. Se aplicaron los lineamientos PRISMA para identificar estudios empíricos publicados entre 2021 y 2025. Se incluyeron 11 investigaciones que cumplieron con los criterios de selección, centrados en intervenciones con RV, SC o ambas. Se extrajo información sobre el diseño metodológico, tipo de intervención, herramientas utilizadas, duración, indicadores evaluados y hallazgos reportados. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los estudios registraron mejoras en el conocimiento teórico, pensamiento clínico, habilidades técnicas, autoeficacia y satisfacción. La RV inmersiva resultó útil para familiarizar a los estudiantes con escenarios clínicos complejos y reducir el estrés. La SC se mantuvo eficaz en la formación de habilidades prácticas y comunicativas. Algunas investigaciones combinaron ambas estrategias, reportando beneficios integrales en múltiples dimensiones del aprendizaje. Los hallazgos respaldan la incorporación progresiva de la RV y la SC como estrategias complementarias en la formación en enfermería. Estas metodologías fortalecen el aprendizaje activo y contribuyen a preparar a los estudiantes para situaciones reales de atención. Se recomienda desarrollar evaluaciones longitudinales que permitan valorar su efectividad sostenida a lo largo del tiempo.
Descargas
Citas
Alharbi, H. F., Alsubaie, A., Gharawi, R., Ba Mazroo, R., Alajaleen, S., Alsultan, M., Alsaleem, M., Alsubihi, N., Alsahli, N., Alqahtani, N., & Rayzah, R. (2024). The relationship between virtual simulation, critical thinking, and self-directed learning abilities of nursing students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PeerJ, 12, e18150. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18150
Alsharari, A. F., Salihu, D., & Alshammari, F. F. (2025). Effectiveness of virtual clinical learning in nursing education: A systematic review. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 432. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03076-y
Azizi, M., Ramezani, G., Karimi, E., Hayat, A. A., Faghihi, S. A., & Keshavarzi, M. H. (2022). A comparison of the effects of teaching through simulation and the traditional method on nursing students’ self-efficacy skills and clinical performance: A quasi-experimental study. BMC Nursing, 21(1), 283. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-01065-z
Cant, R. P., & Cooper, S. J. (2017). Use of simulation-based learning in undergraduate nurse education: An umbrella systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 49, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.11.015
Chang, W., Lin, C.-C., Crilly, J., Lee, H.-L., Chen, L.-C., & Han, C.-Y. (2025). Virtual Reality Simulation for Undergraduate Nursing Students for Care of Patients With Infectious Diseases: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Medical Education, 11, e64780. https://doi.org/10.2196/64780
El Ougli, G., Boukatta, B., El Bouazzaoui, A., Touzani, S., Houari, N., El Fakir, S., & Kanjaa, N. (2024). Impact of Simulation on the Development of Nursing Students’ Competence in Adult Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Cureus, 16(10), e72722. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.72722
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., Schünemann, H. J., & GRADE Working Group. (2008). GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 336(7650), 924-926. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD
Hwang, S., & Kim, H. K. (2022). The effects of maternal-child nursing clinical practicum using virtual reality on nursing students’ competencies: A systematic review. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 28(3), 174-186. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2022.09.13
Kiegaldie, D., & Shaw, L. (2023). Virtual reality simulation for nursing education: Effectiveness and feasibility. BMC Nursing, 22(1), 488. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01639-5
Kim, J., Park, J.-H., & Shin, S. (2016). Effectiveness of simulation-based nursing education depending on fidelity: A meta-analysis. BMC Medical Education, 16, 152. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0672-7
Koskinen, I., Stolt, M., Widmer, C. T., Pernica, K., Dütthorn, N., Groddeck, L., Bager, I. L., Finn, Y., Smyth, S., & Virtanen, H. (2024). Methodological approaches and competence areas of nursing students in virtual reality simulation research—A scoping review. Nurse Education Today, 133, 106033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2023.106033
Lee, D.-H., & Lim, E.-J. (2021). Effect of a Simulation-Based Handover Education Program for Nursing Students: A Quasi-Experimental Design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115821
Lei, Y.-Y., Zhu, L., Sa, Y. T. R., & Cui, X.-S. (2022). Effects of high-fidelity simulation teaching on nursing students’ knowledge, professional skills and clinical ability: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Nurse Education in Practice, 60, 103306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103306
Li, Y., Chen, Y., Wei, G., Ma, F., Hu, Q., Wei, W., & Bai, Y. (2025). Application of desktop virtual reality technology in nursing student education: A realist review. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06697-8
Liaw, S. Y., Sutini, Chua, W. L., Tan, J. Z., Levett-Jones, T., Ashokka, B., Te Pan, T. L., Lau, S. T., & Ignacio, J. (2023). Desktop Virtual Reality Versus Face-to-Face Simulation for Team-Training on Stress Levels and Performance in Clinical Deterioration: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 38(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07557-7
Lin, P.-C., Wung, S.-F., Lin, P.-C., Lin, Y.-C., Lin, C.-Y., & Huang, H.-L. (2024). Virtual reality-based simulation learning on geriatric oral health care for nursing students: A pilot study. BMC Oral Health, 24(1), 627. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04249-y
Liu, K., Zhang, W., Li, W., Wang, T., & Zheng, Y. (2023). Effectiveness of virtual reality in nursing education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medical Education, 23, 710. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04662-x
Magi, C. E., Bambi, S., Iovino, P., El Aoufy, K., Amato, C., Balestri, C., Rasero, L., & Longobucco, Y. (2023). Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Training in Disaster Medicine Courses for Students in Nursing: A Scoping Review of Adoptable Tools. Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 13(7), 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070616
Martins, T., Santos, F., Lumini, M. J., Sousa, M. R., Peixoto, M. J., Freire, R. M., Salazar, B., Fernandes, C., & de Fátima Araújo, M. (2022). Realistic simulation in nursing education: Testing two scenario‐based models. Nursing Open, 10(5), 3326-3335. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1585
Oanh, T. T. H., Thuy, L. T., & Huyen, N. T. T. (2024). The effect of simulation-based training on problem-solving skills, critical thinking skills, and self-efficacy among nursing students in Vietnam: A before-and-after study. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 21, 24. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2024.21.24
Padilha, J. M., Machado, P. P., Ribeiro, A., Ramos, J., & Costa, P. (2019). Clinical Virtual Simulation in Nursing Education: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(3), e11529. https://doi.org/10.2196/11529
Park, S., Shin, H. J., Kwak, H., & Lee, H. J. (2024). Effects of Immersive Technology-Based Education for Undergraduate Nursing Students: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) Approach. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, e57566. https://doi.org/10.2196/57566
Saab, M. M., McCarthy, M., O’Mahony, B., Cooke, E., Hegarty, J., Murphy, D., Walshe, N., & Noonan, B. (2023). Virtual Reality Simulation in Nursing and Midwifery Education: A Usability Study. Computers, Informatics, Nursing: CIN, 41(10), 815-824. https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000001010
Shin, S., Park, J.-H., & Kim, J.-H. (2015). Effectiveness of patient simulation in nursing education: Meta-analysis. Nurse Education Today, 35(1), 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.09.009
Toqan, D., Ayed, A., Khalaf, I. A., & Alsadi, M. (2023). Effect of High-Fidelity Simulation on Self-Satisfaction and Self-Confidence Among Nursing Students. SAGE Open Nursing, 9, 23779608231194403. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231194403
Watts, P. I., McDermott, D. S., Alinier, G., Charnetski, M., Ludlow, J., Horsley, E., Meakim, C., & Nawathe, P. A. (2021). Healthcare Simulation Standards of Best PracticeTM Simulation Design. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 58, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2021.08.009
Weile, J., Nebsbjerg, M. A., Ovesen, S. H., Paltved, C., & Ingeman, M. L. (2021). Simulation-based team training in time-critical clinical presentations in emergency medicine and critical care: A review of the literature. Advances in Simulation, 6(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41077-021-00154-4
Xu, T., Wang, Q., Liu, F., Yang, L., Wang, R., & Weng, H. (2025). Effects of a virtual simulative diabetes care program on learning ability and clinical thinking skills in nursing interns. Digital Health, 11, 20552076251332834. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076251332834
Yahya, L. B., Naciri, A., Radid, M., & Chemsi, G. (2024). Immersive simulation in nursing and midwifery education: A systematic review. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 21, 19. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2024.21.19
Yang, S.-Y., & Oh, Y.-H. (2022). The effects of neonatal resuscitation gamification program using immersive virtual reality: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Education Today, 117, 105464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105464
Yoon, H., Lee, E., Kim, C.-J., & Shin, Y. (2024). Virtual Reality Simulation-Based Clinical Procedure Skills Training for Nursing College Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 12(11), 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12111109
