Disruptores ambientales y de calidad de agua en la Bahía de Ensenada, B. C. México
Environmental and water quality disruptors in Ensenada Bay, B. C. Mexico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v6i5.4820Palabras clave:
agua de mar, contaminación antropogénica, coliformes fecales, nutrientes, monitoreo ambientalResumen
La Bahía de Todos Santos (BTS), en Ensenada, Baja California, es un ecosistema costero de gran valor ecológico y socioeconómico, sometido a crecientes presiones por urbanización, descargas residuales e intensificación turística. Este estudio evaluó la calidad del agua en ocho sitios representativos mediante diez campañas de muestreo con análisis fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos. Los resultados muestran sitios críticos de deterioro en El Gallo, El Mosquito y Cuatro Milpas, donde se detectaron concentraciones elevadas de coliformes fecales (>600 NMP/100 mL), nitrógeno total (>500 µM) y sólidos sedimentables (>100 mg/L). Estas condiciones exceden los límites establecidos por la normatividad mexicana (NOM-001-SEMARNAT-2021 y la NMX-AA-004-SCFI-2013), y reflejan procesos de eutrofización, reducción del oxígeno disuelto y riesgo de hipoxia. La configuración semicerrada y la batimetría somera de la BTS limitan la dispersión de contaminantes y favorecen su persistencia, lo que incrementa la vulnerabilidad ambiental y sanitaria. Un aspecto relevante es que este trabajo no incluyó la cuantificación de elementos potencialmente tóxicos ni micro plásticos, considerados únicamente como potenciales disruptores a partir de la literatura. Su análisis en estudios futuros permitirá fortalecer el diagnóstico integral del sistema costero. En conjunto, los hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de implementar programas de monitoreo permanente, modernizar la infraestructura de tratamiento de aguas residuales y actualizar el marco normativo mexicano para incluir contaminantes potencialmente tóxicos y emergentes, en concordancia con estándares internacionales. Este caso aporta evidencia clave sobre la degradación de la calidad del agua en bahías urbanizadas de zonas semiáridas.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Zayre González Acevedo, Marco García Zarate, Alexandro Orozco Durán, Yesica Cabrera Sillas, Ritter De Basabe Ibarra

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