Raíces de la política verde: un estudio cualitativo de las estrategias ambientales en el Ecuador

Robots of green policy: a qualitative study of environmental strategies in Ecuador

Autores/as

  • María Liseth Mayea Romero Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo
  • Solange Alexandra Torres Arrunategui Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo
  • Roberto Rigoberto Rosero Zambrano Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0034-2741
  • Rosa Mayra Llerena Guevara Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0923-4738

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v6i5.4642

Palabras clave:

políticas, economía, medio ambiente, desarrollo

Resumen

Este artículo examina las estrategias ambientales implementadas en Ecuador entre 2008 y 2025 bajo el marco de la política verde. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los efectos de dichas estrategias, considerando su efectividad, coherencia institucional e impacto socioambiental. Para ello, se aplicó una revisión sistemática cualitativa de 50 documentos, complementada con análisis bibliométrico y visualización de redes temáticas, que permitió identificar cinco ejes críticos: fundamentos normativos, contradicciones entre sostenibilidad y extractivismo, desafíos de gobernanza, ecología política y resultados diferenciados de políticas emblemáticas. Los hallazgos muestran avances significativos, como el reconocimiento constitucional de los derechos de la naturaleza, programas como REDD+, Ecuador Carbono Cero y los canjes de deuda por conservación. Sin embargo, persisten tensiones estructurales asociadas a la débil articulación interinstitucional, la escasa participación comunitaria y la falta de cumplimiento efectivo de la consulta previa. Se concluye que la transición hacia un modelo ecológico sostenible e inclusivo requiere reconfigurar el marco institucional vigente, reducir la dependencia extractiva y fortalecer la gobernanza ambiental desde enfoques interculturales y participativos. Este estudio aporta evidencia crítica sobre la brecha entre discurso ambiental y prácticas estatales, y plantea la ecología política como vía interpretativa para futuros análisis de sostenibilidad en contextos latinoamericanos.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

María Liseth Mayea Romero, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo

Solange Alexandra Torres Arrunategui, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo

Roberto Rigoberto Rosero Zambrano, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo

Rosa Mayra Llerena Guevara, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo

Citas

Akchurin, M. (2015). Constructing the Rights of Nature: Constitutional Reform, Mobilization, and Environmental Protection in Ecuador. Law & Social Inquiry, 40(4), 937-968. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12141

Allan, B., Lewis, J. I., & Oatley, T. (2021). Green industrial policy and the global transformation of climate politics. Global Environmental Politics, 21(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00640

Almeida, M. (2016). Environmental movements in Ecuador: From protest to proposal. Environmental Politics, 25(2), 280–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2016.1214284

Almeida, M. (2016). Política fiscal ambiental en el Ecuador. Repositorio de La CEPAL, 19. https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/40365/S1600516_es.pdf

Almeida, P. (2016). Social movements and political transitions: Lessons from the environmental movement in Ecuador. Environmental Politics, 25(6), 937–954. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2016.1214284

Andoh, J., Oduro, K., Park, J., & Lee, Y. (2022). Towards REDD+ implementation: Deforestation and forest degradation drivers, REDD+ financing, and readiness activities in participant countries. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 5(October), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2022.957550

Bebbington, A., Verdum, R., Gamboa, C., & Bebbington, D. (2018). The infrastructure-extractive industry-resource governance complex in the Andes. Political Geography, 74, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.01.002

Becerra, A., & Londoño, J. (2023). Inclusive green economy and sustainable growth in Latin America: Policy challenges and opportunities. Environmental Development, 45, 100796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100796

Betrán, M., & Vaccaro, I. (2024). Sustainable discourses and political ecologies of environmental bailout: The case of Spain's green infrastructures. Ecological Economics, 215, 107978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.107978

Biermann, F., Kanie, N., & Kim, R. E. (2020). Global governance by goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 45, 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.01.007

Bridge, G., McCarthy, J., & Perreault, T. (2015). Editors’ introduction: For a political ecology of the green economy. Geoforum, 61, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.02.009

Bumpus, A., & Liverman, D. (2008). Accumulation by decarbonization and the governance of carbon offsets. Economic Geography, 84(2), 127–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2008.tb00401.x

Burbano, D. V, Valdivieso, J. C., Izurieta, J. C., Meredith, T., & Ferri, D. Q. (2022). “Rethink and reset” tourism in the Galapagos Islands: Stakeholders’ views on the sustainability of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(2), 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100057

Butler, A., Hall, H., & Copnell, B. (2016). A Guide to Writing a Qualitative Systematic Review Protocol to Enhance Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Health Care. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 13(3), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12134

Cárdenas, M., Bonilla, J., & Brusa, F. (2021). Climate policies (R. Funaro (ed.); Columbia). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003239

Carrasco, S. (2024). ¿Un nuevo Estado para un nuevo modelo de desarrollo verde? El rol de las empresas públicas en la industria del litio en América Latina. Estado, Gobierno y Gestión Pública, 22(42). https://doi.org/10.5354/0717-8980.2024.74286

Corbera, E., & Schroeder, H. (2011). Governing and implementing REDD+. Global Environmental Change, 21(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.007

de Koning, F., Aguinaga, M., Bravo, M., Chiu, M., Lascano, M., Lozada, T., & Suárez, L. (2011). Bridging the gap between forest conservation and poverty alleviation: The Ecuadorian Socio Bosque program. Environmental Science & Policy, 14(5), 531–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.04.007

Demaria, F. (2010). Shipbreaking at Alang-Sosiya (India): An ecological distribution conflict. Ecological Economics, 70(2), 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.006

Durango Cordero, J. S., & Durango, R. (2022). La evaluación del riesgo ambiental como herramienta de apoyo en la consulta previa, libre e informada de los pueblos indígenas del Ecuador. Revista De Derecho Ambiental, 2(18), 155–188. https://doi.org/10.18272/iu.v3i6.578

Enríquez, K., Aldana, C., Abril, N., Pesántez, C., & Aguas, M. (2023). Financiamiento sostenible en Ecuador año 2023 un análisis desde la Taxonomia verde. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v8il

García-León, M., Pérez-Sánchez, L., & Hurtado, A. (2025). Integrated analysis of urban planning, energy, and decarbonization in Latin America. Sustainability, 17(11), 5215. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115215

Gómez-Betancourt, F., Rojas, A., & Camacho, L. (2022). Environmental governance and institutional fragmentation in Latin America. Ecological Economics, 196, 107382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107382

Acosta, A. (2013). El Buen Vivir: Sumak Kawsay, una oportunidad para imaginar otros mundos. Revista de Economía Mundial, (33), 191–200. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/866/86628796010.pdf

Gough, D., Oliver, S., & Thomas, J. (2017). An Introduction to Systematic Reviews (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473920472

Gudynas, E. (2010). Si eres tan progresista, ¿por qué destruyes la naturaleza? Neoextractivismo, izquierda y alternativas. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 32, 33–47. https://doi.org/10.7440/res32.2009.02

Guerra, C. A., Berdugo, M., Eldridge, D. J., Eisenhauer, N., & Singh, B. K. (2022). Global dryland ecosystems under threat: Human pressures and biodiversity loss. Nature, 615, 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05292-x

Hare, D., & Louisiana, N. (1988). Meta-Ethnography. Synthesizing Qualitative Studies, March 1988, 1–3. https://methods.sagepub.com/book/mono/meta-ethnography/toc

Hoyos, O., Duque, P., García, D., & Giraldo, S. (2022). Producción científica sobre economía verde y sostenibilidad: una revisión de la investigación mundial. Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, 30(2), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.18359/rfce.5846

Kauffman, C. M., & Martin, P. L. (2017). Can Rights of Nature Make Development More Sustainable? Why Some Ecuadorian Lawsuits Succeed and Others Fail. World Development, 92, 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.017

Kleemann, J., Koo, H., Hensen, I. ore., Mendieta, G., Kahnt, L., Kurze, C., Inclan, D., Cuenca, P., Noh, J., Hoffmann, M., Factos, A., Lehnert, M., Lozano, P., & Fürst, C. (2022). Priorities of action and research for the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services in continental Ecuador. Biological Conservation, 265(February 2021), 109404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109404

Kleemann, J., Koo, H., Hensen, I., Mendieta, G., Kahnt, L., Kurze, C., ... & Fürst, C. (2022). Priorities of action and research for the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services in continental Ecuador. Biological Conservation, 265, 109404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109404

Kohlbacher, F. (2006). The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung, 7(1), Art. 21. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-7.1.75

Larrea, C., & Warnars, L. (2009). Ecuador’s Yasuni-ITT Initiative: Avoiding emissions by keeping petroleum underground. Energy for Sustainable Development, 13(3), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2009.08.003

Levitt, H. M., Bamberg, M., Creswell, J. W., Frost, D. M., Josselson, R., & Suárez-Orozco, C. (2018). Journal article reporting standards for qualitative primary, qualitative meta-analytic, and mixed methods research in psychology. American Psychologist, 73(1), 26-46. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000151

López-Hernández, M., Castro-González, S., & Rivera-Delgado, J. (2022). Energy transition policies and green job creation in Latin America: A comparative analysis. Energy Policy, 161, 112967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112967

Martínez, J., Marti-Herrero, J., Villacis, S., Riofrio, A. J., & Vaca, D. (2025). Analysis of energy, CO₂ emissions and economy of the technological migration for clean cooking in Ecuador. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.07788

Mestanza, C., Henkanaththegedara, S., Vasconez, P., Vargas, Y., Maritza, S., Charco, M., & Mestanza, P. (2020). In situ and ex situ biodiversity conservation in Ecuador: A review of policies, actions and challenges. Diversity, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/D12080315

Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica del Ecuador. (2023, mayo 9). Ecuador anuncia el canje de deuda por la naturaleza más grande del mundo para proteger las islas Galápagos. Gobierno del Ecuador. https://www.ambiente.gob.ec/ecuador-anuncia-el-canje-de-deuda-por-naturaleza-mas-grande-del-mundo-para-proteger-las-islas-galapagos/

Ministerio del Ambiente. (2020). Informe de evaluación de la Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad 2015–2020. Quito, Ecuador.

Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Morita, K., & Matsumoto, K. (2023). Challenges and lessons learned for REDD+ finance and its governance. Carbon Balance and Management, 18(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-023-00228-y

Naime, M., & Rodríguez, M. (2022). Environmental policy integration and governance challenges in Latin America: Insights for sustainable development. Environmental Science & Policy, 134, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.03.003

Noranarttakun, P., & Pharino, C. (2021). How does the green industry policy impact a developing country? A case study of the electronic products and electrical equipment manufacturing sector in Thailand. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 19(5), 402–412. https://doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/19/2021028

Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847

OECD. (2021). Towards green growth: A summary for policy makers. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264111318-en

Ojeda, D. (2021). Green pretexts: Ecotourism, neoliberal conservation and land grabbing in Colombia. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 48(3), 556–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2020.1828168

Paavola, J. (2007). Institutions and environmental governance: A reconceptualization. Global Environmental Change, 17(2), 294-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.08.002

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Peck, D., Borja, D., Grijalva, A., & Larrea, S. (2024). The conflict between Rights of Nature and mining in Ecuador: Implications of the Los Cedros Cloud Forest case for biodiversity conservation. People and Nature, 6(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10615

Peet, R., & Watts, M. (2004). Liberation ecologies: Environment, development, social movements (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203021033

Polo-Naranjo, D. B., & Parra-Vicuña, R. M. (2025). Derecho a la consulta previa, libre e informada de los pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas en Ecuador frente a los proyectos extractivos. MQRInvestigar, 9(3), e825. https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.9.3.2025.e825

Quiroga, C., Ramirez, A., & Ospina, D. (2019). Proyecto Ambiental Escolar:dispositivo educativo en la configuración de subjetividades ambientales. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.17141/letrasverdes.35.2024.6014

Ramírez-Rodríguez, J., Fernández, C., & Rojas, D. (2024). Sustainability in practice: Analyzing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) in Latin American industry. Journal of Environmental Management, 351, 120345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120345

Reed, M. G., Godmaire, H., Abernethy, P., & Lauzon, R. (2016). Building a community of practice for sustainability: Strengthening learning and collective action of Canadian biosphere reserves through a national partnership. Journal of Environmental Management, 183, 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.024

Reed, P. (2011). REDD+ and the Indigenous question: A case study from Ecuador. Forests, 2(2), 525–549. https://doi.org/10.3390/f2020525

Richardson, D. (1995). The green challenge: Philosophical, programmatic, and electoral considerations. In B. Doherty & M. de Geus (Eds.), Democracy and green political thought: Sustainability, rights and citizenship (pp. 17–34). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203976999-10

Rival, L. (2010). Ecuador’s Yasuní-ITT Initiative: The old and new values of petroleum. Ecological Economics, 70(2), 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.007

Robbins, P. (2012). Political ecology: A critical introduction (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470673611

Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., Lambin, E. F., … Foley, J. A. (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461(7263), 472–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a

Rodríguez, F., Vera, D., & Carrera, C. (2023). Alternativas y desafíos para enfrentar la transición de la era post petrolera en el Ecuador. FIGEMPA: Investigación y Desarrollo, 16(2), 143–162. https://doi.org/10.29166/revfig.v16i2.4721

Salazar, M., Torres, F., & Vega, P. (2018). Diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Riego Tecnificado. FLACSO Ecuador – Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales.

Salguero-Puerta, L., Díaz-López, C., & Quintero, M. (2025). Evaluation methodologies for circular economy in municipal composting and urban agriculture: a literature review with focus on Latin America. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 5, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-025-00582-8

Sanabria, C., Sanabria, I., & Sánchez, R. (2022). Evaluación de la sostenibilidad de cultivos de papa (páramo de Gámeza, Boyacá, sector Daita, Colombia). Revista Mutis, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.1769

Sandelowski, M., Voils, C. I., & Barroso, J. (2006). Defining and designing mixed research synthesis studies. Research in the Schools, 13(1), 29–40.

Santisukkasaem, U. (2025). Sustainable Management of Chlorine Consumption in an Outdoor Swimming Pool: A Case Study of the Silpakorn University Swimming Pool. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 23(3), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/23/20240181

Sarmiento, F., Anhalzer, J., & Ochoa, L. (2023). Forest restoration strategies in Ecuador: Lessons from national policy implementation. Land Use Policy, 130, 106765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106765

Skutsch, M., & Turnhout, E. (2020). REDD+: If communities are the solution, what is the problem? World Development, 130, 104942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104942

Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., … Sörlin, S. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855

Subía, C., & Subía, J. (2022). Política ambiental ecuatoriana sobre cambio climático como garantía del derecho a un ambiente sano. Letras Verdes. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Socioambientales, 32, 147–166. https://doi.org/10.17141/letrasverdes.32.2022.4940

Sunardiyo, S., Purwanto, P., & Hermawan, H. (2023). Sustainable campus policy strategy in estimating CO₂ emissions at the Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 22(1), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2023.v22i01.044

Temper, L., Del Bene, D., & Martínez-Alier, J. (2018). Mapping the frontiers and front lines of global environmental justice: The EJAtlas. Journal of Political Ecology, 25(1), 819–850. https://doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.23115

Torres-Maldonado, M., Rodríguez, L., & Ramírez, M. (2022). Environmental governance challenges in Ecuador: Institutional fragmentation and social resistance. Journal of Environmental Management, 304, 115634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115634

Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375

UNDP Ecuador. (2019). Evaluación de sostenibilidad de programas de gestión de residuos sólidos en zonas rurales. PNUD Ecuador.

UNEP. (2022). Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature

Valdés-Castro, R., Montaño, V., & Quintero, M. (2024). Participación ciudadana y legitimidad social en la política ambiental de América Latina. Environmental Policy and Governance, 34(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2023.2287456

Vallejo, M. C., Pérez, P., & Martínez-Alier, J. (2015). Metabolic profile of the Ecuadorian economy from 1970 to 2008. Ecological Economics, 116, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.04.016

Vargas Gallardo, M. (2023). La consulta previa desde el desarrollo jurisprudencial de la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador. (Sentencias Nº 001-10-SIN-CC, Nº 38-13-IS/19 y Nº 273-19-JP/22). Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 7(4), 7534-7556. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v7i4.7534

Veintimilla-Hurtado, O. Y., & Fuentes-Sáenz, M. L. (2025). Consulta Previa en el Ecuador como Derecho Constitucional colectivo de comunidades indígenas: Caso Fierro Urco. MQRInvestigar, 9(2), e656. https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.9.2.2025.e656

Villamar, D., Soria, R., Rochedo, P., Szklo, A., Imperio, M., Carvajal, P., & Schaeffer, R. (2024). Long-term deep decarbonisation pathways for Ecuador: Insights from an integrated assessment model. Renewable Energy, 222, 120045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120045

White, W., Lunnan, A., Nybakk, E., & Kulisic, B. (2013). The role of governments in renewable energy: The importance of policy consistency. Biomass and Bioenergy, 57, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.035

Zhang, M., Zhang, C., & Liu, Y. (2024). From one-child policy to three-children initiative: a feminist critique of the population planning policies in China. Communication, Culture and Critique, 17(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcae014

Descargas

Publicado

2025-10-10

Cómo citar

Mayea Romero, M. L., Torres Arrunategui, S. A., Rosero Zambrano, R. R., & Llerena Guevara, R. M. (2025). Raíces de la política verde: un estudio cualitativo de las estrategias ambientales en el Ecuador: Robots of green policy: a qualitative study of environmental strategies in Ecuador. LATAM Revista Latinoamericana De Ciencias Sociales Y Humanidades, 6(5), 882 – 904. https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v6i5.4642

Número

Sección

Ciencias Sociales

Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a