Bloqueos periféricos guiados por ultrasonido: actualización técnica, fundamentos anatómicos y aplicaciones clínicas en la anestesia moderna
Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks: technical update, anatomical foundations, and clinical applications in modern anesthesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v7i2.5742Palabras clave:
analgesia perioperatoria, sonoanatomía, toxicidad sistémica por anestésicos locales, seguridad procedimental, entrenamiento por simulación, inteligencia artificial en ultrasonidoResumen
Los bloqueos periféricos guiados por ultrasonido han modificado la práctica de la anestesia regional al permitir la visualización directa de los nervios y de las estructuras anatómicas adyacentes durante el procedimiento. Este trabajo analizó el papel del ultrasonido en la anestesia regional moderna, con énfasis en sus fundamentos técnicos, sus aplicaciones clínicas y sus principales implicaciones en seguridad y eficacia. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura enfocada en la comparación entre la guía ecográfica y las técnicas tradicionales basadas en referencias anatómicas y estimulación nerviosa, así como en la evaluación de avances tecnológicos recientes. Los hallazgos muestran que la guía ecográfica mejora la localización nerviosa, facilita la colocación precisa de la aguja y permite observar en tiempo real la distribución del anestésico local. Esto incrementa la tasa de éxito de los bloqueos, disminuye la variabilidad asociada a la anatomía individual y reduce el riesgo de complicaciones, como la punción vascular, la lesión nerviosa y la toxicidad sistémica por anestésicos locales. Además, el uso de menores volúmenes de anestésico y la optimización del control del dolor perioperatorio han contribuido a disminuir la necesidad de analgesia de rescate y el consumo de opioides en el periodo posoperatorio. Finalmente, la introducción de dispositivos portátiles, inteligencia artificial y simulación ha ampliado las posibilidades de uso y enseñanza de esta técnica en diversos contextos clínicos.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Stephany González Lobo, Yarizol Delgado Paniagua, Lloyd Steven Shedden Hidalgo, Joshmar Tadlaoui Gonzalez

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