Terapia con células madre en la regeneración del cartílago articular del tobillo: fundamentos biológicos, evidencia clínica y retos actuales
Stem cell therapy in the regeneration of ankle articular cartilage: biological foundations, clinical evidence and current challenges
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v7i2.5743Palabras clave:
lesiones osteocondrales, condrogénesis, hueso subcondral, medicina regenerativa, bioingeniería tisular, ortobiológicosResumen
La articulación del tobillo, compuesta por los complejos tibiotalar y subtalar, soporta cargas elevadas en una superficie reducida, lo que la hace vulnerable a lesiones osteocondrales y a la progresión hacia osteoartrosis. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la evidencia actual sobre la terapia con células madre en la regeneración del cartílago articular del tobillo, integrando sus fundamentos biológicos, aplicaciones clínicas y resultados terapéuticos. Se desarrolló una investigación con enfoque cualitativo, de tipo revisión narrativa estructurada y diseño no experimental de carácter documental, mediante la búsqueda de literatura científica en bases de datos indexadas. Los hallazgos indican que el cartílago articular presenta limitada capacidad de reparación debido a su baja celularidad y ausencia de vascularización, y que el daño condral, ya sea de origen traumático o degenerativo, activa procesos inflamatorios que favorecen su degradación. En este contexto, las células madre mesenquimales derivadas de médula ósea y tejido adiposo han demostrado capacidad condrogénica, así como efectos paracrinos e inmunomoduladores que favorecen la reparación tisular. Su aplicación, de forma percutánea o en combinación con matrices tridimensionales y procedimientos quirúrgicos, se ha asociado con mejoría clínica y hallazgos favorables en resonancia magnética; sin embargo, la evidencia disponible continúa siendo heterogénea, por lo que se requiere mayor estandarización de protocolos y adecuada selección de pacientes para consolidar su uso clínico.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Stephany González Lobo, Yarizol Delgado Paniagua, Lloyd Steven Shedden Hidalgo, Joshmar Tadlaoui Gonzalez
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
